Not to be confused with Golden Law, Golden ratio, or Golden Act.
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The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one wants to be treated. It is a maxim that is found in most religions and cultures.[1] It can be considered an ethic of reciprocity in some religions, although different religions treat it differently.
The maxim may appear as a positive or negative injunction governing conduct:
- Treat others as you would like others to treat you (positive or directive form)
- Do not treat others in ways that you would not like to be treated (negative or prohibitive form)[1]
- What you wish upon others, you wish upon yourself (empathetic or responsive form)[1]
The idea dates at least to the early Confucian times (551–479 BCE), according to Rushworth Kidder, who identifies the concept appearing prominently in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, and "the rest of the world's major religions".[2] 143 leaders of the world's major faiths endorsed the Golden Rule as part of the 1993 "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic".[3][4] According to Greg M. Epstein, it is "a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely", but belief in God is not necessary to endorse it.[5] Simon Blackburn also states that the Golden Rule can be "found in some form in almost every ethical tradition".[6]
Etymology[edit]
The term "Golden Rule", or "Golden law", began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by Anglican theologians and preachers;[7] the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604.[1][8]
Ancient history[edit]
Ancient Egypt[edit]
Possibly the earliest affirmation of the maxim of reciprocity, reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess Ma'at, appears in the story of "The Eloquent Peasant", which dates to the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040–1650 BCE): "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to make him do."[9][10] This proverb embodies the do ut des principle.[11] A Late Period (c. 664–323 BCE) papyrus contains an early negative affirmation of the Golden Rule: "That which you hate to be done to you, do not do to another."[12]
Ancient India[edit]
Sanskrit tradition[edit]
In Mahābhārata, the ancient epic of India, there is a discourse in which sage Brihaspati tells the king Yudhishthira the following about dharma, a philosophical understanding of values and actions that lend good order to life:
The Mahābhārata is usually dated to the period between 400 BCE and 400 CE.[13][14]
Tamil tradition[edit]
In Chapter 32 in the Book of Virtue of the Tirukkuṛaḷ (c. 1st century BCE to 5th century CE), Valluvar says:
Furthermore, in verse 312, Valluvar says that it is the determination or code of the spotless (virtuous) not to do evil, even in return, to those who have cherished enmity and done them evil. According to him, the proper punishment to those who have done evil is to put them to shame by showing them kindness, in return and to forget both the evil and the good done on both sides (verse 314).[16]
Ancient Greece[edit]
The Golden Rule in its prohibitive (negative) form was a common principle in ancient Greek philosophy. Examples of the general concept include:
- "Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing." – Thales[17] (c. 624–c. 546 BCE)
- "What you do not want to happen to you, do not do it yourself either. " – Sextus the Pythagorean.[18] The oldest extant reference to Sextus is by Origen in the third century of the common era.[19]
- "Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you." – Isocrates[20] (436–338 BCE)
Ancient Persia[edit]
The Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism (c. 300 BCE–1000 CE) were an early source for the Golden Rule: "That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself." Dadisten-I-dinik, 94,5, and "Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others." Shayast-na-Shayast 13:29[21]
Ancient Rome[edit]
Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BCE–65 CE), a practitioner of Stoicism (c. 300 BCE–200 CE) expressed the Golden Rule in his essay regarding the treatment of slaves: "Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you."[22]
Religious context[edit]
According to Simon Blackburn, the Golden Rule "can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition".[23]
Abrahamic religions[edit]
Judaism[edit]
A rule of altruistic reciprocity for fellow tribe members was stated positively in a well-known Torah verse (Hebrew: ואהבת לרעך כמוך):
Hillel the Elder (c. 110 BCE – 10 CE),[25] used this verse as a most important message of the Torah for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for conversion to Judaism but, drawing on Leviticus 19:18, briefed the man:
Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics. Rabbi Akiva agreed, while Simeon ben Azzai suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1, which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam, who was made in the image of God.[27][28] According to Jewish rabbinic literature, the first man Adam represents the unity of mankind. This is echoed in the modern preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[29][30] And it is also taught, that Adam is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God's creation:[28]
The Jewish Publication Society's edition of Leviticus states:
This Torah verse represents one of several versions of the Golden Rule, which itself appears in various forms, positive and negative. It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form.[32]
At the turn of the eras, the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19:18 and 19:34 extensively:
Commentators summed up foreigners (= Samaritans), proselytes (= 'strangers who resides with you')[34] or Jews.[35] to the scope of the meaning.
On the verse, "Love your fellow as yourself", the classic commentator Rashi quotes from Torat Kohanim, an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva: "Love your fellow as yourself – Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah."[36]
Israel's postal service quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a 1958 postage stamp.[37]
Christianity[edit]
The "Golden Rule" was quoted by Jesus of Nazareth[38] during his Sermon on the Mount and described by him as the second great commandment. The common English phrasing is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you". A similar form of the phrase appeared in a Catholic catechism around 1567 (certainly in the reprint of 1583).[39] Various applications of the Golden Rule are stated positively numerous times in the Old Testament: "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD."[40]. See also Great Commandment) and Leviticus 19:34: "But treat them just as you treat your own citizens. Love foreigners as you love yourselves, because you were foreigners one time in Egypt. I am the Lord your God.".[41]
The Old Testament Deuterocanonical books of Tobit and Sirach, accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Non-Chalcedonian Churches, express a negative form of the golden rule:
Two passages in the New Testament quote Jesus of Nazareth espousing the positive form of the Golden rule:
A similar passage, a parallel to the Great Commandment, is Luke 10:25.[43]
The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question, "Who is my neighbor?", by telling the parable of the Good Samaritan, which John Wesley interprets as meaning that "your neighbor" is anyone in need.[44]
Jesus' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves, to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that, if the situations were reversed, one would desire that the other would do for them. This formulation, as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan, emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another, not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another.[45]
In one passage of the New Testament, Paul the Apostle refers to the golden rule:
St. Paul also comments on the golden rule in the book of Romans:
"The commandments, 'You shall not commit adultery,’ 'You shall not murder,’ 'You shall not steal,’ 'You shall not covet,’ and whatever other command there may be, are summed up in this one command: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'”[47]
Islam[edit]
The Arabian peninsula was known to not practice the golden rule prior to the advent of Islam. According to Th. Emil Homerin: "Pre-Islamic Arabs regarded the survival of the tribe, as most essential and to be ensured by the ancient rite of blood vengeance."[48] Homerin goes on to say:
From the hadith, the collected oral and written accounts of Muhammad and his teachings during his lifetime:
Ali ibn Abi Talib (4th Caliph in Sunni Islam, and first Imam in Shia Islam) says:
Baháʼí Faith[edit]
The writings of the Baháʼí Faith encourage everyone to treat others as they would treat themselves and even prefer others over oneself:
Indian religions[edit]
Hinduism[edit]
Also,
Buddhism[edit]
Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama, c. 623–543 BCE)[63][64] made this principle one of the cornerstones of his ethics in the 6th century BCE. It occurs in many places and in many forms throughout the Tripitaka.
Jainism[edit]
The Golden Rule is paramount in the Jainist philosophy and can be seen in the doctrines of Ahimsa and Karma. As part of the prohibition of causing any living beings to suffer, Jainism forbids inflicting upon others what is harmful to oneself.
The following lines from the Acaranga Sutra sums up the philosophy of Jainism:
Sikhism[edit]
Chinese religions[edit]
Confucianism[edit]
- 己所不欲，勿施於人。
- "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others."
- 子貢問曰：「有一言而可以終身行之者乎？」子曰：「其恕乎！己所不欲，勿施於人。」
- Zi gong (a disciple of Confucius) asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"- --Confucius, Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton (another translation is in the online Chinese Text Project)[67]
The same idea is also presented in V.12 and VI.30 of the Analects (c. 500 BCE), which can be found in the online Chinese Text Project. The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule. It does not presume to do anything unto others, but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful. It does not preclude doing good deeds and taking moral positions.
Taoism[edit]
Mohism[edit]
Mozi regarded the golden rule as a corollary to the cardinal virtue of impartiality, and encouraged egalitarianism and selflessness in relationships.
Iranian religions[edit]
Zoroastrianism[edit]
New religious movements[edit]
Wicca[edit]
Scientology[edit]
The Way to Happiness expresses the Golden Rule both in its negative/prohibitive form and in its positive form. The negative/prohibitive form is expressed in Precept 19 as:
The positive form is expressed in Precept 20 as:
Traditional African religions[edit]
Yoruba[edit]
Odinani[edit]
Secular context[edit]
Global ethic[edit]
The "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic"[73] from the Parliament of the World’s Religions[74][75] (1993) proclaimed the Golden Rule ("We must treat others as we wish others to treat us") as the common principle for many religions.[3] The Initial Declaration was signed by 143 leaders from all of the world's major faiths, including Baháʼí Faith, Brahmanism, Brahma Kumaris, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Indigenous, Interfaith, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Native American, Neo-Pagan, Sikhism, Taoism, Theosophist, Unitarian Universalist and Zoroastrian.[3][76] In the folklore of several cultures the Golden Rule is depicted by the allegory of the long spoons.
Humanism[edit]
In the view of Greg M. Epstein, a Humanist chaplain at Harvard University, " 'do unto others' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely. But not a single one of these versions of the golden rule requires a God".[77] Various sources identify the Golden Rule as a humanist principle:[78][79]
Existentialism[edit]
Other contexts[edit]
Human rights[edit]
According to Marc H. Bornstein, and William E. Paden, the Golden Rule is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, in which each individual has a right to just treatment, and a reciprocal responsibility to ensure justice for others.[83]
However Leo Damrosch argued that the notion that the Golden Rule pertains to "rights" per se is a contemporary interpretation and has nothing to do with its origin. The development of human "rights" is a modern political ideal that began as a philosophical concept promulgated through the philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century France, among others. His writings influenced Thomas Jefferson, who then incorporated Rousseau's reference to "inalienable rights" into the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. Damrosch argued that to confuse the Golden Rule with human rights is to apply contemporary thinking to ancient concepts.[84]
Science and economics[edit]
There has been research published arguing that some 'sense' of fair play and the Golden Rule may be stated and rooted in terms of neuroscientific and neuroethical principles.[85]
The Golden Rule can also be explained from the perspectives of psychology, philosophy, sociology, human evolution, and economics. Psychologically, it involves a person empathizing with others. Philosophically, it involves a person perceiving their neighbor also as "I" or "self".[86] Sociologically, "love your neighbor as yourself" is applicable between individuals, between groups, and also between individuals and groups. In evolution, "reciprocal altruism" is seen as a distinctive advance in the capacity of human groups to survive and reproduce, as their exceptional brains demanded exceptionally long childhoods and ongoing provision and protection even beyond that of the immediate family.[87] In economics, Richard Swift, referring to ideas from David Graeber, suggests that "without some kind of reciprocity society would no longer be able to exist."[88]
Study of other primates provides evidence that the Golden Rule exists in other non-human species.[89]
Criticism[edit]
Philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant[90] and Friedrich Nietzsche,[91] have objected to the rule on a variety of grounds. The most serious among these is its application. How does one know how others want to be treated? The obvious way is to ask them, but this cannot be done if one assumes they have not reached a particular and relevant understanding. One religion that officially rejects the Golden Rule is the Neo-Nazi religion of the "Creativity Movement" founded by Ben Klassen.[92] Followers of the religion believe that the Golden Rule doesn't make sense and is a "completely unworkable principle.".[93]
Differences in values or interests[edit]
George Bernard Shaw wrote, "Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same."[94] This suggests that if your values are not shared with others, the way you want to be treated will not be the way they want to be treated. Hence, the Golden Rule of "do unto others" is "dangerous in the wrong hands",[95] according to philosopher Iain King, because "some fanatics have no aversion to death: the Golden Rule might inspire them to kill others in suicide missions."[96]
Differences in situations[edit]
Immanuel Kant famously criticized the golden rule for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others.[90] Kant's Categorical Imperative, introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, is often confused with the Golden Rule.
Responses to criticisms[edit]
Walter Terence Stace, in The Concept of Morals (1937), wrote:
Marcus George Singer observed that there are two importantly different ways of looking at the golden rule: as requiring (1) that you perform specific actions that you want others to do to you or (2) that you guide your behavior in the same general ways that you want others to.[98] Counter-examples to the golden rule typically are more forceful against the first than the second.
In his book on the golden rule, Jeffrey Wattles makes the similar observation that such objections typically arise while applying the golden rule in certain general ways (namely, ignoring differences in taste, in situation, and so forth). But if we apply the golden rule to our own method of using it, asking in effect if we would want other people to apply the golden rule in such ways, the answer would typically be no, since it is quite predictable that others' ignoring of such factors will lead to behavior which we object to. It follows that we should not do so ourselves—according to the golden rule. In this way, the golden rule may be self-correcting.[99] An article by Jouni Reinikainen develops this suggestion in greater detail.[100]
It is possible, then, that the golden rule can itself guide us in identifying which differences of situation are morally relevant. We would often want other people to ignore any prejudice against our race or nationality when deciding how to act towards us, but would also want them to not ignore our differing preferences in food, desire for aggressiveness, and so on. This principle of "doing unto others, wherever possible, as they would be done by..." has sometimes been termed the platinum rule.[101]
Popular references[edit]
Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies (1863) includes a character named Mrs Do-As-You-Would-Be-Done-By (and another, Mrs Be-Done-By-As-You-Did).[102]
See also[edit]
- Empathy
- Norm of reciprocity, social norm of in-kind responses to the behavior of others
- Reciprocity (cultural anthropology), way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour
- Reciprocity (evolution), mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation
- Reciprocity (international relations), principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind
- Reciprocity (social and political philosophy), concept of reciprocity as in-kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others; relation to justice; related ideas such as gratitude, mutuality, and the Golden Rule
- Reciprocity (social psychology), in-kind positive or negative responses of individuals towards the actions of others
- Serial reciprocity, where the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party
- Ubuntu (philosophy), an ethical philosophy originating from Southern Africa, which has been summarised as 'A person is a person through other people'
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Antony Flew, ed. (1979). "golden rule". A Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Pan Books in association with The MacMillan Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-330-48730-6.
- ^ W.A. Spooner, "The Golden Rule," in James Hastings, ed. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 6 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914) pp. 310–12, quoted in Rushworth M. Kidder, How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living, Harper, New York, 2003. ISBN 0-688-17590-2. p. 159
- ^ a b c Towards a Global Ethic (An Initial Declaration) ReligiousTolerance.org. – Under the subtitle, "We Declare," see third paragraph. The first line reads, "We must treat others as we wish others to treat us."
- ^ "Parliament of the World's Religions – Towards a Global Ethic"(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Esptein, Greg M. (2010). Good Without God: What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe. New York: HarperCollins. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-06-167011-4.
- ^ Simon, Blackburn (2001). Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-280442-6.
- ^ Thomas Jackson: First Sermon upon Matthew 7,12 (1615; Werke Band 3, S. 612); Benjamin Camfield: The Comprehensive Rule of Righteousness (1671); George Boraston: The Royal Law, or the Golden Rule of Justice and Charity (1683); John Goodman: The Golden Rule, or, the Royal Law of Equity explained (1688; Titelseite als Faksimile at Google Books); dazu Olivier du Roy: The Golden Rule as the Law of Nature. In: Jacob Neusner, Bruce Chilton (Hrsg.): The Golden Rule – The Ethics of Reprocity in World Religions. London/New York 2008, S. 94.
- ^ Gensler, Harry J. (2013). Ethics and the Golden Rule. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-80686-2.
- ^ Eloquent Peasant PDF Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "Now this is the command: do to the doer to make him do"
- ^ "The Culture of Ancient Egypt", John Albert Wilson, p. 121, University of Chicago Press, 1956, ISBN 0-226-90152-1 "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do"
- ^ Eloquent Peasant PDF Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The peasant quotes a proverb that embodies the do ut des principle"
- ^ "A Late Period Hieratic Wisdom Text: P. Brooklyn 47.218.135", Richard Jasnow, p. 95, University of Chicago Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-918986-85-6.
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- ^ Diogenes Laërtius, "The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers", I:36
- ^ "The Sentences of Sextus".
- ^ The Sentences of Sextus Article
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- ^ Thomas Firminger Thiselton-Dyer (2008). Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism, Part 2 of 5: The Dadistan-i Dinik and the Epistles of Manuskihar. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-60620-199-2.
- ^ Lucius Annaeus Seneca (1968). The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca: Essays and Letters of Seneca. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00459-5.
- ^ Blackburn, Simon (2001). Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-280442-6.
- ^ Bible, Leviticus 19:18
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel: "His activity of forty years is perhaps historical; and since it began, according to a trustworthy tradition (Shab. 15a), one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem, it must have covered the period 30 BCE–10 CE"
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- ^ (Sifra, Ḳedoshim, iv.; Yer. Ned. ix. 41c; Genesis Rabba 24
- ^ a b c "ADAM". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
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- ^ Plaut, The Torah – A Modern Commentary; Union of American Hebrew Congregations, New York 1981; p. 892.
- ^ Bible, Leviticus 19:34
- ^ Rabbi Akiva, bQuid 75b
- ^ Rabbi Gamaliel, yKet 3, 1; 27a
- ^ Kedoshim 19:18, Toras Kohanim, ibid. See also Talmud Yerushalmi, Nedarim 9:4; Bereishis Rabbah 24:7.
- ^ "Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica". Emory University. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008.
- ^ Matthew 7:12; see also Luke 6:31
- ^ Vaux, Laurence (1583). A Catechisme / or / Christian Doctrine. Manchester, England: The Chetham Society, reprinted by The Chetham Society in 1885. p. 48. (located in the text just before the title, "Of the Five Commandments of the Church." Scroll up slightly to see a section saying: "The sum of the ten Commandments does consist in the love towards god, and our neighbor. (Bible, Ephe. 4., Matt. 7) In the first Table be three Commandments: which take away and forbid sin and vice against the worshipping of God. They forbid idolatry, apostasy, heresy, superstition, perjury, blasphemy, and move us to the pure and true worshipping of God in heart, word and deed. In the Second table be seven Commandments, which command us to give reverence and honor to every man in his degree, to profit all, and hurt none: to do unto others, as we would be done to ourselves.") | url = http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/vaux.htm#48 }}
- ^ Leviticus 19:18
- ^ Leviticus 19:34
- ^ Luke 6:31
- ^ Luke 10:25-28
- ^ "John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on Luke 10". Christnotes.org. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Moore: Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era; Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1927–1930; Vol. 2, p. 87, Vol. 3, p. 180.
- ^ Galatians 5:14
- ^ Bible, Romans 13:8-9 (NIV)
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- ^ Th. Emil Homerin (2008). Neusner, Jacob (ed.). The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4411-9012-3.
- ^ Wattles (191), Rost (100)
- ^ a b c [English title: Conversations of Muhammad]
Wattles (192)
Rost (100)
Donaldson Dwight M. 1963. Studies in Muslim Ethics, p. 82. London: S.P.C.K. - ^ Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn Sharīf al-Raḍī & ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (eds.), Nahj Al-balāghah: Selection from Sermons, Letters and Sayings of Amir Al-Muʼminin, Volume 2. Translated by Syed Ali Raza. Ansariyan Publications ISBN 978-9644383816 p. 350
- ^ "Baháʼí Reference Library – The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 11". Reference.bahai.org. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ "The Golden Rule Baháʼí Faith". Replay.waybackmachine.org. 11 April 2009. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 71
- ^ "The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh – Part II". Info.bahai.org. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 30
- ^ Words of Wisdom See: The Golden Rule
- ^ Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings, LXVI:8
- ^ Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 10
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- ^ tasmād dharma-pradhānéna bhavitavyam yatātmanā | tathā cha sarva-bhūtéṣhu vartitavyam yathātmani ||
तस्माद्धर्मप्रधानेन भवितव्यं यतात्मना। तथा च सर्वभूतेषु वर्तितव्यं यथात्मनि॥|title = Mahābhārata Shānti-Parva 167:9) - ^ ""Gautama Buddha (B.C. 623-543)" by T.W. Rhys-Davids, The World's Great Events, B.C. 4004–A.D. 70 (1908) by Esther Singleton, pp. 124–135". Unz.org. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ "The Buddha (BC 623–BC 543) – Religion and spirituality Article – Buddha, BC, 623". Booksie. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 12 September2013.
- ^ Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Elizabeth J. Harris (enabling.org)
- ^ Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Ācāranga Sūtra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22. Sutra 155–6
- ^ Chinese Text Project. Confucianism, The Analects, Section 15: Wei Ling Gong, (see number 24). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ Ivanhoe and Van Norden translation, 68–69
- ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (2012). "Precept 19". The Way to Happiness. The Way to Happiness Foundation International. Retrieved 22 April2012.
- ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (2007). The Way to Happiness: A Common Sense Guide to Better Living. Los Angeles: L. Ron Hubbard Library. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-59970-036-6.
- ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (2012). "Precept 20". The Way to Happiness. The Way to Happiness Foundation International. Retrieved 22 April2012.
- ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (2007). The Way to Happiness: A Common Sense Guide to Better Living. Los Angeles: L. Ron Hubbard Library. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-59970-036-6.
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- ^ "Parliament of the World's Religions". Parliamentofreligions.org. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ "The Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions". Parliamentofreligions.org. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 12 September2013.
- ^ "Parliament of the World's Religions – Towards a Global Ethic"(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Esptein, Greg M. (2010). Good Without God: What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe. New York: HarperCollins. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-06-167011-4. Italics in original.
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- ^ "UBC.ca". 15 March 2008. Archived from the original on 14 September 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ "Think Humanism". Think Humanism. Retrieved 12 September2013.
- ^ "A decalogue for the modern world". Ebonmusings.org. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2007). Existentialism Is a Humanism. Yale University Press. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-0-300-11546-8.
- ^ Defined another way, it "refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties, and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one's rights are the other's obligation."Bornstein, Marc H. (2002). Handbook of Parenting. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8058-3782-7. See also: Paden, William E. (2003). Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion. Beacon Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-8070-7705-4.
- ^ Damrosch, Leo (2008). Jean Jacques Russeau: Restless Genius. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-44696-4.
- ^ Pfaff, Donald W., "The Neuroscience of Fair Play: Why We (Usually) Follow the Golden Rule", Dana Press, The Dana Foundation, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-932594-27-0
- ^ Wattles, Jeffrey (1996). The Golden Rule. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Vogel, Gretchen. "The Evolution of the Golden Rule". Science. 303(Feb 2004).
- ^ Swift, Richard (July 2015). "Pathways & possibilities". New Internationalist. 484 (July/August 2015).
- ^ Smith, Kerri (June 2005). "Is it a chimp-help-chimp world?". Nature. 484 (Online publication).
- ^ a b Kant, Immanuel Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, footnote 12. Cambridge University Press (28 April 1998). ISBN 978-0-521-62695-8
- ^ "Only a Game: The Golden Rule". Onlyagame.typepad.com. 24 May 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/creativity-movement
- ^ http://www.religioustolerance.org/wcotc2.htm
- ^ Shaw, George Bernard (1903). Man and Superman. Archibald Constable & Co. p. 227. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Source: p. 76 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time, Iain King, 2008, Continuum, ISBN 978-1-84706-347-2.
- ^ Source: p. 76 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time, Iain King, 2008, Continuum, ISBN 978-1-84706-347-2.
- ^ Stace, Walter T. (1937). The Concept of Morals. New York: The MacMillan Company; (reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.); (also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc, January 1990). p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8446-2990-2.
- ^ M. G. Singer, The Ideal of a Rational Morality, p. 270
- ^ Wattles, p. 6
- ^ Jouni Reinikainen, "The Golden Rule and the Requirement of Universalizability." Journal of Value Inquiry. 39(2): 155–168, 2005.
- ^ Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. 2 (1966 [1945]), p. 386. Dubbed "the platinum rule" in business books such as Charles J. Jacobus, Thomas E. Gillett, Georgia Real Estate: An Introduction to the Profession, Cengage Learning, 2007, p. 409 and Jeremy Comfort, Peter Franklin, The Mindful International Manager: How to Work Effectively Across Cultures, Kogan Page, p. 65.
- ^ "Mary Wakefield: What 'The Water Babies' can teach us about personal". The Independent. 22 October 2011.
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Golden Rule at Wikiquote
Learning materials related to Living the Golden Rule at Wikiversity
