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Monday, 11 May 2020

Louis Farrakhan

Louis Farrakhan Sr. (/ˈfɑːrəkɑːn/; born Louis Eugene Walcott; May 11, 1933), formerly known as Louis X, is an American minister and political activist. He is the leader of the Nation of Islam (NOI), an organization which the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) describes as black nationalist,[2] black supremacist and a hate group.[3] Previously, he served as the minister of mosques in Boston and Harlem and had been appointed National Representative of the Nation of Islam by former NOI leader Elijah Muhammad.

After Warith Deen Muhammad reorganized the original NOI into the orthodox Sunni Islamic group American Society of Muslims, Farrakhan began to rebuild the NOI as "Final Call". In 1981, he officially adopted the name "Nation of Islam", reviving the group and establishing its headquarters at Mosque Maryam.

Farrakhan has been described as antisemitic by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the SPLC and other monitoring organizations. The NOI promotes an anti-white theology, also according to the SPLC.[4] Some of his remarks have also been considered homophobic.[5] Farrakhan has disputed these characterizations.[4][6]

In October 1995, he organized and led the Million Man March in Washington, D.C. Due to health issues, he reduced his responsibilities with the NOI in 2007.[7] However, Farrakhan has continued to deliver sermons[8] and speak at NOI events.[9] In 2015, he led the 20th Anniversary of the Million Man March: Justice or Else.

Early life and education[edit]

Farrakhan was born Louis Eugene Walcott in The Bronx, New York, the younger of two sons of Sarah Mae Manning (January 16, 1900 – November 18, 1988) and Percival Clark, immigrants from the Anglo-Caribbean islands. His mother was born in Saint Kitts, while his father was Jamaican. The couple separated before their second son was born, and Farrakhan says he never knew his biological father.[10] In a 1996 interview with Henry Louis Gates Jr., he speculated that his father, "Gene", may have been Jewish.[11][12] After the end of his parents' relationship, his mother moved in with Louis Walcott from Barbados, who became his stepfather. After his stepfather died in 1936, the Walcott family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where they settled in the West Indian neighborhood of Roxbury.[10]

Walcott received his first violin at the age of five and by the time he was 12 years old, he had been on tour with the Boston College Orchestra.[10][13] A year later, he participated in national competitions and won them. In 1946, he was one of the first black performers to appear on the Ted Mack Original Amateur Hour,[13] where he also won an award. Walcott and his family were active members of the Episcopal St. Cyprian's Church in Roxbury.[10]

Walcott attended the Boston Latin School, and later the English High School, from which he graduated.[14] He completed three years at Winston-Salem Teachers College, where he had a track scholarship.[15]

Louis and Khadijah Farrakhan

In 1953, Walcott married Betsy Ross (later known as Khadijah Farrakhan) while he was in college.[16] Due to complications from his new wife's first pregnancy, Walcott dropped out after completing his junior year of college to devote time to his wife and their child. Farrakhan has nine children in total.[1]

Career and activities (1953–1995)[edit]

In the 1950s, Walcott began his professional music career as a singer billed as "The Charmer". At this point, earning $500 a week, Walcott was touring the northeastern and midwestern United States, sometimes also using the nickname "Calypso Gene".[17]. In 1953–1954, preceding Harry Belafonte's success with his album Calypso (released in 1956), he recorded and released a dozen cheeky, funny tunes as "The Charmer" in a mixed mento/calypso style, including "Ugly Woman", "Stone Cold Me" and calypso standards like "Zombie Jamboree", "Hol 'Em Joe", "Mary Ann" and "Brown Skin Girl". Some were reissued: "Don’t Touch Me Nylon" has mild, explicit sexual lyrics as well as "Female Boxer", which contains some sexist overtones[18] and "Is She Is, Or Is She Ain't" (inspired by Christine Jorgensen's sex change operation).[19]

In February 1955, he was headlining a show in Chicago, Illinois, called Calypso Follies. There he first came in contact with the teachings of the Nation of Islam (NOI) through Rodney Smith, a friend and saxophonist from Boston. Walcott and his wife Betsy were invited to the Nation of Islam's annual Saviours' Day address by Elijah Muhammad. Prior to going to Saviours' Day, due to then-Minister Malcolm X's media presence, Walcott had never heard of Elijah Muhammad, and like many outside of the Nation of Islam, he thought that Malcolm X was the leader of the Nation of Islam.[citation needed]

In 1955, Walcott fulfilled the requirements to be a registered Muslim/registered believer/registered laborer. He memorized and recited verbatim the 10 questions and answers of the NOI's Student Enrollment. He then wrote a Saviour's Letter that must be sent to the NOI's headquarters in Chicago. The Saviour's Letter must be copied verbatim, and have the identical handwriting of the Nation of Islam's founder, Wallace Fard Muhammad. After having the Saviour's Letter reviewed, and approved by the NOI's headquarters in Chicago in July 1955, Walcott received a letter of approval from the Nation of Islam acknowledging his official membership as a registered Muslim/registered believer/registered laborer in the NOI. As a result, he received his "X." The "X" was considered a placeholder, used to indicate that Nation of Islam members' original African family names had been lost. They acknowledged that European surnames were slave names, assigned by the slaveowners to mark their ownership. Members of the NOI used the "X" while waiting for their Islamic names, which some NOI members received later in their conversion.[20] Hence, Louis Walcott became Louis X. Elijah Muhammad then replaced his "X" with the "holy name" Farrakhan, an Arabic name meaning "The Criterion". On a very different tone from his calypso songs, he nevertheless recorded two tunes as Louis X, criticizing racism in A White Man's Heaven Is a Black Man's Hell issued on Boston's A Moslem Sings label in 1960.[21].

The summer after Farrakhan's conversion, Elijah Muhammad stated that all musicians in the NOI had to choose between music and the Nation of Islam.[13] Louis X did so only after performing one final event at the Nevele,[citation needed] a Jewish resort in the Catskills.

After nine months of being a registered Muslim in the NOI and a member of Muhammad's Temple of Islam in Boston, where Malcolm X was the minister, the former calypso-singer turned Muslim became his assistant minister. Eventually he became the official minister after Elijah Muhammad transferred Malcolm X to Muhammad's Temple of Islam No. 7 on West 116th St. in Harlem, New York City. Louis X continued to be mentored by Malcolm X, until the latter's assassination in 1965. The day that Malcolm X died in Harlem, Farrakhan happened to be in Newark, New Jersey on rotation, 45 minutes away from where Malcolm X was assassinated. After Malcolm X's death, Elijah Muhammad appointed Farrakhan to the two prominent positions that Malcolm held before being dismissed from the NOI. Farrakhan became the national spokesman/national representative of the NOI and was appointed minister of the influential Harlem Mosque (Temple), where he served until 1975.[citation needed]

Farrakhan made numerous incendiary statements about Malcolm X, contributing to what was called a "climate of vilification."[22] Three men from a Newark, NOI mosque—Thomas Hagan, Muhammad Abdul Aziz (aka Norman 3X Butler) and Kahlil Islam (aka Thomas 15X Johnson)—were convicted of the killing and served prison sentences. Only Hagan ever admitted his role.[23]

Leadership of Nation of Islam[edit]

Warith Deen Mohammed, the seventh son of Elijah and Clara Muhammad, was declared the new leader of the Nation of Islam at the annual Saviours' Day Convention in February 1975, a day after his father died. He made substantial changes to the organization in the late 1970s, taking most members into a closer relationship with orthodox Islam, and renaming the group "World Community of Islam in the West", and eventually the American Society of Muslims, to indicate the apparent change. He rejected the deification of the founder Wallace D. Fard as Allah in person, the Mahdi of the Holy Qur'an and the messiah of the Bible, welcomed white worshipers who were once considered devils and enemies in the NOI as equal brothers, sisters, and friends. At the beginning of these changes, Chief Min. Warith Deen Mohammed gave some Euro-Americans X's, and extended efforts at inter-religious cooperation and outreach to Christians[24] and Jews.[25] He changed his position and title from Chief Minister Wallace Muhammad to Imam Warith Huddin Mohammad, and finally Imam Warith Al-Deen Mohammed.

Farrakhan joined and followed Imam Warith Al-Deen Mohammed, and eventually became a Sunni Imam under him for ​3 1⁄2 years from 1975–1978. Imam Mohammed gave Imam Farrakhan the name Abdul-Haleem. In 1978, Imam Farrakhan distanced himself from Mohammed's movement. In a 1990 interview with Emerge magazine, Farrakhan said that he had become disillusioned and decided to "quietly walk away" rather than cause a schism among the members.[citation needed] In 1978, Farrakhan and a small number of supporters decided to rebuild what they considered the original Nation of Islam upon the foundations established by Wallace Fard Muhammad, and Elijah Muhammad. This decision was made without public announcement.[citation needed]

In 1979, Farrakhan's group founded a weekly newspaper entitled The Final Call, which was intended to be similar to the original Muhammad Speaks newspaper that Malcolm X claimed to have started,[26] Farrakhan had a weekly column in The Final Call. In 1981, Farrakhan and his supporters held their first Saviours' Day convention in Chicago, Illinois, and took back the name of the Nation of Islam. The event was similar to the earlier Nation's celebrations, last held in Chicago on February 26, 1975. At the convention's keynote address, Farrakhan announced his attempt to restore the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad's teachings.[27]

In 1985, Farrakhan obtained working capital in the amount of $5 million, in the form of an interest-free loan from Libya's Islamic Call Society. Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi had also offered Farrahkan guns to begin a black nation. Farrakhan said that he told Gaddafi that he preferred an economic investment in black America.[28]

On October 24, 1989, at a press conference at the J.W. Marriott Hotel in Washington, DC, Minister Farrakhan described a vision which he had on September 17, 1985 in Tepoztlán, Mexico. In this 'Vision-like' experience he was carried up to "a Wheel, or what you call an unidentified flying object", as in the Bible's Book of Ezekiel. During this experience, he heard the voice of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam.[29] He said in the press conference that Elijah Muhammad "spoke in short cryptic sentences and as he spoke a scroll full of cursive writing rolled down in front of my eyes, but it was a projection of what was being written in my mind. As I attempted to read the cursive writing, which was in English, the scroll disappeared and the Honorable Elijah Muhammad began to speak to me." [Elijah Muhammad said], "President Reagan has met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to plan a war. I want you to hold a press conference in Washington, D.C., and announce their plan and say to the world that you got the information from me, Elijah Muhammad, on the Wheel."[29]

During that same press conference Farrakhan stated that he believed his "experience" was proven: "In 1987, in The New York Times' Sunday magazine and on the front page of The Atlanta Constitution, the truth of my vision was verified, for the headlines of The Atlanta Constitution read, 'President Reagan Planned War Against Libya.'" Farrakhan added "In the article which followed, the exact words that the Honorable Elijah Muhammad spoke to me on the Wheel were found; that the President had met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and planned a war against Libya in the early part of September 1985."[29]

Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz, was arrested on January 12, 1995 accused of conspiracy to assassinate Farrakhan in retaliation for the murder of her father, for which she believed he was responsible.[30][31][32] According to Stanford University historian Clayborne Carson, "[her family] resented Farrakhan and had good reason to because he was one of those in the Nation responsible for the climate of vilification that resulted in Malcolm X's assassination".[22] Some critics later alleged that the FBI had used paid informant Michael Fitzpatrick to frame Shabazz, who was four years old when her father was killed.[33] Nearly four months later, on May 1, Shabazz accepted a plea agreement under which she maintained her innocence but accepted responsibility for her actions.[34]

Million Man March[edit]

Farrakhan in 1997

That year in October, Farrakhan convened a broad coalition of what he and his supporters claimed was one million men in Washington, D.C., for the Million Man March. The count however fell far below the hoped-for numbers. The National Park Service estimated that approximately 440,000 were in attendance.[35] Farrakhan threatened to sue the National Park Service because of the low estimate from the Park Police.[36]

Farrakhan and other speakers called for black men to renew their commitments to their families and communities. In Farrakhan's 2​1⁄2 hours he quoted from spirituals as well as the Old and New Testaments and termed himself a prophet sent by God to show America its evil.[37] The event was organized by many civil rights and religious organizations and drew men and their sons from across the United States of America. Many other distinguished African Americans addressed the throng, including: Maya Angelou; Rosa Parks; Martin Luther King III, Cornel West, Jesse Jackson and Benjamin Chavis. In 2005, together with other prominent African Americans such as the New Black Panther Party leader Malik Zulu Shabazz, the activist Al Sharpton, Addis Daniel and others, Farrakhan marked the 10th anniversary of the Million Man March by holding a second gathering, the Millions More Movement, October 14–17 in Washington D.C.[38]

Activities and statements since 2005[edit]

Hurricane Katrina[edit]

In comments in 2005, Farrakhan stated that there was a 25-foot (7.6 m) hole under one of the key levees that failed in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. He implied that the levee's destruction was a deliberate attempt to wipe out the population of the largely black sections within the city. Farrakhan later said that New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin told him of the crater during a meeting in Dallas, Texas.[39] Farrakhan further claimed that the fact the levee broke the day after Hurricane Katrina is proof that the destruction of the levee was not a natural occurrence. Farrakhan has raised additional questions and has called for federal investigations into the source of the levee break.[40][41] He also asserted that the hurricane was "God's way of punishing America for its warmongering and racism".[42]

Experts including the Independent Levee Investigation Team (ILIT) from the University of California, Berkeley have countered his accusations. The report from the ILIT said "The findings of this panel are that the over-topping of the levees by flood waters, the often sub-standard materials used to shore up the levees, and the age of the levees contributed to these scour holes found at many of the sites of levee breaks after the hurricane."[43]

Former support for Barack Obama[edit]

In 2008, Farrakhan publicly criticized the United States and supported then-Senator Barack Obama who was campaigning at the time to become the president of the United States of America.[44][45] Farrakhan and Obama had met at least once before.[46][47]

The Obama campaign quickly responded to convey his distance from the minister. "Senator Obama has been clear in his objections to Farrakhan's past pronouncements and has not solicited the minister's support," said Obama spokesman Bill Burton.[44] Obama "rejected and denounced" Farrakhan's support during an NBC presidential candidate debate.

Following the 2008 presidential election, Farrakhan explained, during a BET television interview, that he was "careful" never to endorse Obama during his campaign. "I talked about him—but, in very beautiful and glowing terms, stopping short of endorsing him. And unfortunately, or fortunately, however we look at it, the media said I 'endorsed' him, so he renounced my so-called endorsement and support. But that didn't stop me from supporting him."[48]

By 2011, Farrakhan was no longer supporting Obama, whom he called the "first Jewish president", due to Obama's support for the 2011 military intervention in Libya, which Farrakhan strongly opposed due to his own support for Muammar Gaddafi.[49] At a March 31, 2011 press conference held at the Mosque Maryam, Farrakhan warned that the United States could be "facing a major earthquake as part of God's divine judgment against the country for her evil".[50]

On May 28, 2011, Farrakhan, speaking at the American Clergy Leadership Conference, lambasted Obama over the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the Libya intervention, calling him an "assassin" and a "murderer." "We voted for our brother Barack, a beautiful human being with a sweet heart," Farrakhan said, in a video making the rounds on the internet. But he has turned into someone else, Farrakhan told the crowd. "Now he's an assassin."[51]

Farrakhan, a critic of military interventionism overseas,[52] was strongly opposed to Obama's proposal to intervene in Syria in 2013.[53]

Dianetics[edit]

On May 8, 2010, Farrakhan publicly announced his embrace of Dianetics and has actively encouraged Nation of Islam members to undergo auditing from the Church of Scientology.[54] Although he has stressed that he is not a Scientologist, but only a believer in Dianetics and the theories related to it, the Church honored Farrakhan previously during its 2006 Ebony Awakening awards ceremony (which he did not attend).[54][55] Farrakhan has also urged European Americans to join the Church of Scientology, stating, "All white people should flock to [Scientology founder] L. Ron Hubbard. You can still be a Christian; you just won't be a devil Christian. You can still be a Jew, but you won't be a satanic Jew."[2]

Since the announcement in 2010, the Nation of Islam has been hosting its own Dianetic courses and its own graduation ceremonies. At the third such ceremony, which was held on Saviours Day 2013, it was announced that nearly 8,500 members of the organisation had undergone Dianetic auditing. The Organisation announced it had graduated 1,055 auditors and had delivered 82,424 hours of auditing. The graduation ceremony was certified by the Church of Scientology, and the Nation of Islam members received official certification. The ceremony was attended by Shane Woodruff, vice-president of the Church of Scientology's Celebrity Centre International. He stated that "The unfolding story of the Nation of Islam and Dianetics is bold, it is determined and it is absolutely committed to restoring freedom and wiping hell from the face of this planet."[56]

Praise for Donald Trump[edit]

During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Farrakhan praised Republican candidate Donald Trump as the only candidate "who has stood in front of the Jewish community and said 'I don’t want your money.'" While he declined to endorse outright, he said of Trump "I like what I'm looking at."[57] In 2018, Farrakhan again praised Trump for "destroying every enemy that was an enemy of our rise."[58] Conservative pundits Candace Owens and Glenn Beck both took note of Farrakhan's position, with Owens saying it was a "really big deal" that Farrakhan had "aligned himself with Trump's administration" and Beck declaring that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" and urging "reconciliation" between conservatives and Farrakhan.[59]

Criticism and controversy[edit]

Farrakhan has been the center of much controversy with critics saying that his political views and comments are antisemitic or racist.[60] Farrakhan has categorically denied these charges[61] and stated that much of America's perception of him has been shaped by the media.[62][63]

Malcolm X's death[edit]

Many, including Malcolm X's family, have accused Farrakhan of being involved in the plot to assassinate Malcolm X.[64][65][66][67] For many years, Betty Shabazz, the widow of Malcolm X, harbored resentment toward the Nation of Islam—and Farrakhan in particular—for what she felt was their role in the assassination of her husband.[68] In a 1993 speech, Farrakhan seemed to confirm that the Nation of Islam was responsible for the assassination:

We don't give a damn about no white man law if you attack what we love. And frankly, it ain't none of your business. What do you got to say about it? Did you teach Malcolm? Did you make Malcolm? Did you clean up Malcolm? Did you put Malcolm out before the world? Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the hell business is it of yours? You just shut your mouth, and stay out of it. Because in the future, we gonna become a nation. And a nation gotta be able to deal with traitors and cutthroats and turncoats. The white man deals with his. The Jews deal with theirs.[69][70][71]

During a 1994 interview, Gabe Pressman asked Shabazz whether Farrakhan "had anything to do" with Malcolm X's death. She replied: "Of course, yes. Nobody kept it a secret. It was a badge of honor. Everybody talked about it, yes."[72]

In a 60 Minutes interview that aired during May 2000, Farrakhan stated that some of the things he said may have led to the assassination of Malcolm X. "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke", he said. "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being."[73] A few days later Farrakhan denied that he "ordered the assassination" of Malcolm X, although he again acknowledged that he "created the atmosphere that ultimately led to Malcolm X's assassination."[74]

Allegations of racism[edit]

The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies Farrakhan's Nation of Islam (NOI) as a hate group and black separatist organization.[75] As the leader of NOI, Farrakhan has preached the organization's theology that blacks are superior to whites.[75] He has said whites were created 6,600 years ago as a "race of devils" by an evil scientist named Yakub. At an event in Milwaukee in August 2015, Farrakhan said: "White people deserve to die, and they know, so they think it’s us coming to do it." [76]

Antisemitic comments[edit]

Farrakhan has made many comments that have been deemed antisemitic by the Anti-Defamation League and others.[77][78] In 2012, the Simon Wiesenthal Center included some of Farrakhan's comments on its list of the Top 10 antisemitic slurs of that year.[79]

"Gutter religion" remarks[edit]

In 1984, after returning from a visit to Libya, Farrakhan delivered a sermon that was recorded by a Chicago Sun Times reporter. A transcript from part of the sermon was published in The New York Times:

Toward the end of that portion of his speech that was recorded, Mr. Farrakhan said: "Now that nation called Israel never has had any peace in 40 years and she will never have any peace because there can be no peace structured on injustice, thievery, lying and deceit and using the name of God to shield your dirty religion under His holy and righteous name.[80]

Farrakhan has repeatedly denied referring to Judaism as a "gutter religion" explaining that he was instead referring to what he believed was the Israeli Government's use of Judaism as a political tool. In a June 18, 1997, letter to a former Wall Street Journal editor Jude Wanniski he stated:

Countless times over the years I have explained that I never referred to Judaism as a gutter religion, but, clearly referred to the machinations of those who hide behind the shield of Judaism while using unjust political means to achieve their objectives. This was distilled in the New York tabloids and other media saying, 'Farrakhan calls Judaism a gutter religion.'

As a Muslim, I revere Abraham, Moses, and all the Prophets whom Allah (God) sent to the children of Israel. I believe in the scriptures brought by these Prophets and the Laws of Allah (God) as expressed in the Torah. I would never refer to the Revealed Word of Allah (God)—the basis of Jewish Faith—as 'dirty' or 'gutter.' You know, Jude, as well as I, that the Revealed Word of Allah (God) comes as a Message from Allah (God) to purify us from our evil that has divided us and caused us to fall into the gutter.

Over the centuries, the evils of Christians, Jews and Muslims have dirtied their respective religions. True Faith in the laws and Teaching of Abraham, Jesus and Muhammad is not dirty, but, practices in the name of these religions can be unclean and can cause people to look upon the misrepresented religion as being unclean.[81]

Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust[edit]

In response to Farrakhan's speech, Nathan Pearlmutter, then Chair of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) of B'nai B'rith, referred to Farrakhan as the new "Black Hitler" and Village Voice journalist Nat Hentoff also characterized the NOI leader as a "Black Hitler" while a guest on a New York radio talk-show.

In response, Farrakhan announced during a March 11, 1984, speech broadcast on a Chicago radio station:

So I said to the members of the press, 'Why won't you go and look into what we are saying about the threats on Reverend Jackson's life?' Here the Jews don't like Farrakhan and so they call me 'Hitler'. Well that's a good name. Hitler was a very great man. He wasn't great for me as a Black man but he was a great German and he rose Germany up from the ashes of her defeat by the united force of all of Europe and America after the First World War. Yet Hitler took Germany from the ashes and rose her up and made her the greatest fighting machine of the twentieth century, brothers and sisters, and even though Europe and America had deciphered the code that Hitler was using to speak to his chiefs of staff, they still had trouble defeating Hitler even after knowing his plans in advance. Now I'm not proud of Hitler's evil toward Jewish people, but that's a matter of record. He rose Germany up from nothing. Well, in a sense you could say there is a similarity in that we are rising our people up from nothing, but don't compare me with your wicked killers.[81][82]

At a later meeting of the Nation of Islam at Madison Square Garden in 1985, Farrakhan said of the Jews: "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the ovens, it's forever!"[83] He has claimed German Jews financed the Holocaust in a speech at the Mosque Maryam, Chicago in March 1995. Almost three years later at a Saviors' Day gathering in the same city, he said: "The Jews have been so bad at politics they lost half their population in the Holocaust. They thought they could trust in Hitler, and they helped him get the Third Reich on the road."[84]

Incidents and comments since 2002[edit]

On March 23, 2002, Farrakhan visited Kahal Kadosh Shaare Shalom in Kingston, Jamaica, which was his first visit to a synagogue,[85] in an attempt to repair his relationship with the Jewish community.[86]

Farrakhan was accepted to speak at Shaare Shalom in the native country of his father, after being rejected to appear at American synagogues, many of whom had fear of sending the wrong signals to the Jewish community.[85][86]

Farrakhan made antisemitic comments during his May 16–17, 2013 visit to Detroit[87] and in his weekly sermons titled "The Time and What Must Be Done", which began during January 2013.[88] In March 2015, Farrakhan accused "Israelis and Zionist Jews" of being involved in the September 11 attacks.[89] In his Saviours' Day speech in February 2018, Farrakhan described "the powerful Jews" as his enemy and approvingly cited President Richard Nixon and the Reverend Billy Graham's derogatory comments about Jews "grip on the media", and claimed they are responsible for "all of this filth and degenerate behavior that Hollywood is putting out turning men into women and women into men".[90][91]

Allegations of sexism[edit]

Farrakhan received sexual discrimination complaints filed with a New York state agency when he banned women from attending a speech he gave in a city-owned theater in 1993.[92] The next year he gave a speech only women could attend.[92] In his speech for women, as The New York Times reported,

Mr. Farrakhan urged the women to embrace his formula for a successful family. He encouraged them to put husbands and children ahead of their careers, shun tight, short skirts, stay off welfare and reject abortion. He also stressed the importance of cooking and cleaning and urged women not to abandon homemaking for careers. 'You're just not going to be happy unless there is happiness in the home,' Mr. Farrakhan said at the Mason Cathedral Church of God in Christ in the Dorchester section, not far from the Roxbury neighborhood where he was raised by a single mother. 'Your professional lives can't satisfy your soul like a good, loving man.' [92]

Social media[edit]

Farrakhan lost his blue tick on his Twitter posts in June 2018, denying him full verification, after asserting the Harvey Weinstein scandal was about "Jewish power".[93] A contributor to the Tablet website, Yair Rosenberg, objected to a potential suspension as "erasing hate from social media doesn’t make it go away, it just makes it easier to ignore" making them more difficult to dismiss as "inconsequential".[94] The following October, Twitter said that it would not suspend Farrakhan's account after he made his "anti-termite" comment as he had not broken the site's rules.[95]

At the beginning of May 2019, Farrakhan was banned from Facebook, along with others considered to be extremist figures, with antisemitism believed to be the reason.[96]

During a speech at Saint Sabina Catholic Church in Chicago a week later, Farrakhan stated he had "never been arrested" for "drunken driving" and asked: "What have I done that you would hate me like that?" The Nation of Islam said his speech was Farrakhan's response to the "public outrage over the unprecedented and unwarranted lifetime ban" from Facebook. He insisted he was neither a misogynist nor a homophobe and that: "I do not hate Jewish people".[97][98] Archbishop of Chicago Cardinal Blase J. Cupich condemned the decision of the church in allowing Farrakhan to speak there.[99]

Other issues[edit]

Brief return to music[edit]

When Farrakhan first joined the NOI, he was asked by Elijah Muhammad to put aside his musical career as a calypso singer.[100] After 42 years, Farrakhan decided to take up the violin once more primarily due to the urging of prominent classical musician Sylvia Olden Lee.[citation needed]

On April 17, 1993, Farrakhan made his return concert debut with performances of the Violin Concerto in E Minor by Felix Mendelssohn. Farrakhan intimated that his performance of a concerto by a Jewish composer was, in part, an effort to heal a rift between him and the Jewish community.[101] The New York Times music critic Bernard Holland reported that Farrakhan's performance was somewhat flawed due to years of neglect, but "nonetheless Mr. Farrakhan's sound is that of the authentic player. It is wide, deep and full of the energy that makes the violin gleam."[101]

Health[edit]

Farrakhan announced that he was seriously ill in a letter on September 11, 2006, that was directed to his staff, Nation of Islam members, and supporters. The letter, published in The Final Call newspaper, said that doctors in Cuba had discovered a peptic ulcer. According to the letter subsequent infections caused Farrakhan to lose 35 pounds (16 kg), and he urged the Nation of Islam leadership to carry on while he recovered.[102]

Farrakhan was released from his five-week hospital stay on January 28, 2007, after major abdominal surgery. The operation was performed to correct damage caused by side effects of a radioactive "seed" implantation procedure that he received years earlier to successfully treat prostate cancer.[103]

Following his hospital stay, Farrakhan released a "Message of Appreciation" to supporters and well-wishers[104] and weeks later delivered the keynote address at the Nation of Islam's annual convention in Detroit.[105]

In December 2013, Farrakhan announced that he had not appeared publicly for two months because he had suffered a heart attack in October.[106]

Awards and honors[edit]

  • 2005, a Black Entertainment Television (BET) poll voted Farrakhan the 'Person of the Year'.[107]
  • 2006, an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll voted Farrakhan the fifth-most important black leader, with 4 percent of the vote.[108]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Louis Farrakhan Fast Facts". CNN. May 22, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  3. ^ "Nation of Islam". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  5. ^ Gray, Briahna Joy (March 13, 2018). "On the Dangers of Following Louis Farrakhan". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  6. ^ "Letter of warning to President George Bush: December 1, 2001". The Nation of Islam. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  7. ^ "Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  8. ^ "Louis Farrakhan's 52 Weeks Of Hate". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  9. ^ "Farrakhan In His Own Words". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Mattias Gardell, In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam Duke University Press, 1996, p.119.
  11. ^ "Farrakhan claims his father may have been a Jew", The Jewish News of Northern California, April 26, 1996, accessed March 4, 2018
  12. ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (April 29, 1996). "The Charmer". The New Yorker. pp. 116–121. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b c Holland, Bernard (April 19, 1993). "Sending a Message, Louis Farrakhan Plays Mendelssohn". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  14. ^ John B. Judis, "Maximum Leader", The New York Times, August 18, 1996, Accessed on May 19, 2006.
  15. ^ "The New York Times". The New York Times. April 19, 1993. Retrieved November 16,2014.
  16. ^ Company, Johnson Publishing (March 5, 2007). "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company.
  17. ^ Lei, Richard (October 14, 1995). "Louis Farrakhan, Calypso Charmer". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 12, 2019. Recordings of Farrakhan's pre-Nation of Islam work are exceedingly rare, if they exist at all.
  18. ^ Farrakhan's Female Boxer calypso tune as The Charmer was reissued here: https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=1304&Itemid=13
  19. ^ Farrakhan's Is She Is, Or Is She Ain't and Don’t Touch Me Nylon calypso tunes as The Charmer were reissued here:https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=1787&Itemid=13
  20. ^ Lincoln, C. Eric (1994). The Black Muslims in America. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-0703-8.
  21. ^ Farrakhan's A White Man's Heaven Is a Black Man's Hell activist song as Louis X was reissued here:https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=1787&Itemid=13
  22. ^ Jump up to:a b "Farrakhan helped build climate for Malcolm X's death", Stanford University News Service, January 17, 1995, accessed December 3, 2010
  23. ^ Newman, Andy (March 19, 2010). "Killer of Malcolm X Is Granted Parole". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  24. ^ Terry, Don. "W. DEEN MOHAMMED: A leap of faith". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  25. ^ "Reform Jewish Movement Mourns Imam W.D. Mohammed, an Advocate for Peace". Religious Action Center. September 3, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  26. ^ Malcolm X (1964). The Autobiography of Malcolm X. The Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-345-37671-8.
  27. ^ "Farrakhan continues Hon. Elijah Muhammad's mission". Finalcall.com. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  28. ^ Worthington, Rogers (October 28, 1985). "Farrakhan Stand Bad For Business". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b c "The Nation of Islam". Archived from the original on October 11, 2006.
  30. ^ Wilkerson, Isabel (January 16, 1995). "Farrakhan Case Informer: A Man Living on the Edge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  31. ^ "Malcolm X's Daughter Indicted in Alleged Plot to Kill Louis Farrakhan". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company: 6–10. January 30, 1995. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  32. ^ Shelman, Jeffrey (May 1, 1995). "Charges Dropped Against Shabazz – Deal Reached In Murder-Plot Case". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  33. ^ "John Dee, "The Shabazz Sanction: FBI-Manufactured Plot to Kill Farrakhan"". Archived from the original on August 21, 2001. Retrieved May 20, 2017., reprinted from Lumpen Times, vol. 3 no. 27 (March 1995)
  34. ^ "Dr. Betty Shabazz, Minister Farrakhan Mend 30-Year Rift During Fund-Raiser". Jet. May 22, 1995. pp. 12–13. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  35. ^ "The 3 to 5 Million Man March".
  36. ^ Janofsky, Michael (November 21, 1995). "Federal Parks Chief Calls 'Million Man' Count Low". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  37. ^ Wilgoren, Debbi (October 22, 1995). "Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  38. ^ "Millions More March Draws Black Activists". NPR. October 16, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  39. ^ Finalcall.com Archived April 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Blackamericaweb Archived October 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Politics Mondays: The Intentional Destruction Of Levees in New Orleans – A Conspiracy Theory? Not In The Light Of History". Blackelectorate.com. Retrieved November 16,2014.
  42. ^ Michael Eric Dyson, Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster(2006), pp. 178–202. ISBN 0-465-01761-4.
  43. ^ Independent Levee Investigation Team at UC Berkeley (July 31, 2006). "Independent Levee Investigation Team Final Report – Chapter 7: The New Orleans East Protected Area" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. pp. 1–30. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 6, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
  44. ^ Jump up to:a b Margaret Ramirez and Mike Dorning, "Farrakhan sings Obama's praises; Senator has criticized him, says support not sought", Chicago Tribune, February 25, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  45. ^ Muhammad, Askia (March 5, 2008). "Farrakhan addresses world at Saviours' Day 2008". The Final Call. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  46. ^ Cunningham, Vinson (January 28, 2018). "The Politics of Race and the Photo That Might Have Derailed Obama". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  47. ^ Edney, Hazel Trice (January 20, 2018). "Photo of Sen. Barack Obama with Farrakhan Surfaces". NorthStar News Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  48. ^ "BET Interview with Minister Louis Farrakhan, Posted date: February 6, 2009". Finalcallmedia.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  49. ^ "Louis Farrakhan defends "brother" Gaddafi; blasts U.S. action in Libya". International Business Times. March 31, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  50. ^ "Louis Farrakhan Press Conference, Mosque Maryam, March 31, 2011". Moiatlanta.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  51. ^ "Louis Farrakhan: Obama Is A 'Murderer,' An 'Assassin'". June 21, 2011 – via Huff Post.
  52. ^ "Weapons Attacks In Syria And A Warning To The Warmongers". www.finalcall.com.
  53. ^ "Farrakhan Slams Possible US Intervention In Syria [VIDEO]". September 2, 2013.
  54. ^ Jump up to:a b Gray, Eliza (October 5, 2012). "The Mothership of All Alliances". The New Republic. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  55. ^ Rossetter, Shelley; Tobin, Thomas C. (October 18, 2012). "Louis Farrakhan renews call for self-determination among Nation of Islam followers". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  56. ^ Mohammed, Asahed (February 28, 2013). "Nation of Islam Auditors graduation held for third Saviours' Day in a row". Final Call. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  57. ^ McCaskill, Nolan (March 1, 2016). "Louis Farrakhan praises Donald Trump". Politico. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  58. ^ "'Chicago Morning Takeover' Interview – The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan". Final Call. May 15, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  59. ^ McLaughlin, Aidan (May 28, 2018). "Glenn Beck and Candace Owens Celebrate Louis Farrakhan's Praise of Trump". Mediaite. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  60. ^ Bierbauer, Charles (October 17, 1995). "Million Man March: Its goal more widely accepted than its leader". CNN.
  61. ^ Nation of Islam condemns politically-motivated charges of racism "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007., Nation of Islam Statements, October 7, 2000
  62. ^ Who is Farrakhan? [1], Interview with The Arizona Republic, March 25, 1996
  63. ^ Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Mohammed: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-3.
  64. ^ Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. pp. 437, 492–495. ISBN 978-1-4022-0171-4.
  65. ^ Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-1-56025-049-4.
  66. ^ Kondo, Zak A. (1993). Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press. pp. 182–183, 193–194. OCLC 28837295.
  67. ^ Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
  68. ^ Rickford, pp. 436–439, 492–495.
  69. ^ Rickford, p. 492.
  70. ^ Wartofsky, Alona (February 17, 1995). "'Brother Minister: The Martyrdom of Malcolm X'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
  71. ^ "Farrakhan on Malcolm X's Assassination, 1993". YouTube.com.
  72. ^ "Widow of Malcolm X Suspects Farrakhan Had Role in Killing". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. March 13, 1994. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  73. ^ "Farrakhan Admission on Malcolm X". 60 Minutes. CBS News. May 14, 2000. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
  74. ^ "Farrakhan Responds to Media Attacks". The Final Call. May 15, 2000. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
  75. ^ Jump up to:a b "Nation of Islam". Southern Poverty Law Centre. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  76. ^ "Farrakhan Promotes Million Man March with Anti-Semitism & Bigotry". ADL. August 31, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  77. ^ "Farrakhan In His Own Words" (PDF). The Anti-Defamation League. March 20, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  78. ^ "Farrakhan on Jews". Adl.org. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  79. ^ "2012 Top Ten Anti-Semitic/Anti-Israel Slurs" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  80. ^ Shipp, E. R. (June 29, 1984). "Tape Contradicts Disavowal of 'Gutter Religion' Attack". The New York Times. pp. A12.
  81. ^ Jump up to:a b "Minister Farrakhan rebuts fraudulent "Judaism is a Gutter Religion" canard". The Nation of Islam. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  82. ^ "Memos on the Margin-971222 Letter from Louis Farrakhan". Polyconomics.com. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  83. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great. London: Atlantic Books. p. 219. ISBN 9781843545743.
  84. ^ "Farrakhan: In His Own Words". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved December 11,2019.
  85. ^ Jump up to:a b Muhammad, Richard. "A new beginning in Jamaica", The Final Call, April 2, 2002.
  86. ^ Jump up to:a b "Louis Farrakhan's first visit to a Jewish Synagogue... 'It took courage to bring me here'" Archived October 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Jamaica Gleaner, March 26, 2002.
  87. ^ "Detroit Religious Leaders Praise Farrakhan After Latest Anti-Semitic Outburst". ADL.
  88. ^ "Louis Farrakhan's 52 Weeks Of Hate". ADL. Archived from the original on 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
  89. ^ "Farrakhan: 'Israelis And Zionist Jews' Behind 9/11 Terror Attacks". CBS DC. March 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  90. ^ Greenwood, Max (February 28, 2018). "Tapper rips Farrakhan after anti-Semitic speech". The Hill. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  91. ^ Tatum, Sophie (March 1, 2018). "Nation of Islam leader Farrakhan delivers anti-Semitic speech". CNN. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  92. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Facing Complaints of Bias, Farrakhan Speaks to Women Only". The New York Times. July 31, 1994.
  93. ^ Weich, Ben (June 13, 2018). "Louis Farrakhan 'loses Twitter blue tick' after blaming Harvey Weinstein scandal on 'Jewish power'". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  94. ^ Rosenberg, Yair (June 15, 2018). "Twitter Just Unverified Louis Farrakhan. Here's Why It's Good That They Didn't Suspend Him". Tablet. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  95. ^ Doherty, Rosa (October 18, 2018). "Louis Farrakhan keeps his Twitter account despite comparing Jews to termites". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  96. ^ Lorenz, Taylor (May 2, 2019). "Instagram and Facebook Ban Far-Right Extremists". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  97. ^ Burke, Daniel (May 10, 2019). "A Catholic church hosted Louis Farrakhan for an anti-Facebook speech. At least one Jewish group was not happy about it". CNN. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  98. ^ "Louis Farrakhan denies antisemitism – then refers to 'Satanic Jews'". The Guardian. Associated Press. May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  99. ^ Schlumpf, Heidi (May 14, 2019). "Cupich condemns Farrakhan appearance at Chicago church". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  100. ^ Video on YouTube
  101. ^ Jump up to:a b Holland, Bernard (April 19, 1993). "Sending a Message, Louis Farrakhan Plays Mendelssohn". The New York Times. Mr. Farrakhan acknowledged the symbolism in his playing of music by a European Jew...Speaking in a quiet but insistent voice, he said he would "try to do with music what cannot be done with words and try to undo with music what words have done."
  102. ^ Finalcall.com Archived April 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  103. ^ Finalcall.com Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  104. ^ "NOI Statements, 2007". The Nation of Islam. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  105. ^ "Farrakhan 2007 NOI Convention Webcast, February 25, 2007". Sd2007.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  106. ^ "In First Appearance After Heart Attack, Farrakhan Continues Anti-Semitism". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  107. ^ "A more conciliatory Farrakhan: 'I've evolved'". CNN. March 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  108. ^ "Poll: Jesse Jackson, Rice Top Blacks". CBS News. February 15, 2006.

Further reading[edit]

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