can lignans cause diarrhea?

 My toddler vomits, isn't eating well, has diarrhea, but no fever. What can I do?

You can get diarrhea from a virus or bacteria and it usually goes away on its own in two to three days.1

Some people reach for Imodium (loperamide) the moment they have loose stool. But the drugs are meant for frequent or severe diarrhea rather than an occasional episode.

This article goes over ways that you can get rid of diarrhea without turning to medicine.

Young woman drinking a glass of water in a bedroom

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Treating Mild Diarrhea Without Medicine

In some cases, taking an antidiarrheal drug will replace watery stools with constipation. Both are unpleasant. Try these helpful home remedies to treat a mild episode of diarrhea without using pills.

Drink Plenty of Fluids

One of the biggest problems with diarrhea is dehydration. This is what leads many people to the emergency room.

Diarrhea causes the body to lose a lot of water and electrolytes it needs to function normally. Electrolytes are minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium that are needed for various bodily processes

It's important to treat dehydration properly. Otherwise, it can become dangerous, especially in young children.2

To manage a mild bout of diarrhea, you need to replace the fluids and electrolytes you lost. Drink plenty of water, clear juices, clear broths, or an electrolyte-rich sports drink.3

There are also things you should avoid when you have an episode of diarrhea. Avoid coffee, caffeinated drinks, prune juice, sugary drinks, sodas, and alcohol. These all have a laxative effect. It's also a good idea to avoid dairy products if you're lactose intolerant, which means you can't digest the main sugar in milk well.4

Young children and babies with diarrhea need pediatric rehydration drinks. These are marketed under certain brand names, like:

Pedialyte

Enfalyte

Gastrolyte

Breastfed babies should continue to breastfeed. Children should continue eating their regular diet. Also, they should drink rehydrating fluids. This is better than putting them on a restrictive diet.5

Some people want to avoid the artificial colorings or flavorings in some rehydration drinks. You can make a homemade rehydration drink with only salt, sugar, and water.2

You can also buy oral rehydration salts over the counter at most drugstores. Follow the preparation instructions and don't use too much salt. That can be harmful, especially to children.

Eat a Bland Diet 

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases doesn't recommend following a restrictive diet to treat diarrhea. But that doesn't mean all foods are the same. There are some foods you should avoid, as well as foods you might tolerate better.4

The BRAT diet was a commonly-recommended food plan for easing digestive distress.

The diet is made up of four bland, low-fiber foods:3

Bananas

Rice

Applesauce

Toast

Bananas are especially useful. They help restore any potassium your body lost through diarrhea.

You can add other bland, easy-to-digest foods as your diarrhea symptoms start to get better. This includes:

Baked, skinless chicken breasts

Oatmeal

Baked potatoes

Chicken soup with saltines

Don't eat or drink foods or beverages that cause gas, such as:

Carbonated drinks, like sodas or seltzer

Beans

Legumes

Cruciferous vegetables, like cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower

If diarrhea lasts more than a couple of days, check the foods that you're eating. Diarrhea can get worse if you eat foods high in fiber (such as bran, whole grains, and brown rice) as well as greasy foods or those sweetened with sorbitol.

Use Probiotics

Taking probiotics in food or or as supplements might help shorten a mild bout of diarrhea.6 Probiotics are live bacteria and yeast that are beneficial to your digestive system.

Diarrhea can cause you to lose a lot of the healthy bacteria in your stomach and intestines.

Probiotics can quickly replace these protective microorganisms and help restore normal bowel function. Some helpful probiotics include:7

Lactobacillus bacteria

Bifidobacterium bacteria

Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) yeast

In particular, S. boulardii has powerful antidiarrheal effects.6

It may be best to avoid some dairy products during diarrhea, but not all. Certain dairy foods, like yogurt or kefir with live probiotic bacteria, are extremely beneficial.

Other natural probiotic sources are fermented foods like:

Miso

Kombucha

Sauerkraut

Aged soft cheeses

Cottage cheese

Green olives

Sourdough bread

Tempeh

Kimchi is another popular fermented food. Some people even call it a "super-probiotic." But kimchi has hot spices that might make your diarrhea worse.

Side effects of probiotics, whether in food or supplement form, tend to be mild and may include an upset stomach, bloating, and gas.

When to Seek Medical Help

You should never ignore diarrhea. If you have tried the above-listed home remedies and still have loose stools, call your doctor or your pharmacist. They might recommend over-the-counter medicine that can help.

On the other hand, you should see a doctor right away if you or your child have persistent or severe diarrhea or show signs of dehydration, such as:8

Adults

Diarrhea for three days or more

Severe stomach pain

Bloody or black stools

Fever over 102 F (39 C)

Little or no urination

Extreme weakness

Dry skin and mouth

Excessive thirst

Dark urine

Children

Diarrhea for more than 24 hours

No wet diapers in three hours

Fever over 102 F (39 C)

Dry mouth or tongue

Crying without tears

Unusual sleepiness

Black or bloody stools

Sunken cheeks or eyes

Skin that doesn't retract when pinched

Babies under 3 months old with diarrhea should be taken to a doctor or emergency room right away. Don't wait or try to treat the condition at home.

Summary

You might be able to treat diarrhea without taking medication. Try changing your diet temporarily, taking probiotics, and drinking lots of liquids. Talk to your healthcare provider if the diarrhea doesn't go away.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What foods should I eat if I have diarrhea?

Bland, low-fiber foods are the best choice. Some low-fiber foods include potatoes, white rice, bananas, apples, fish, and chicken or turkey without the skin. Changing your diet and drinking plenty of water to avoid dehydration can help treat diarrhea symptoms faster.

Why do I get diarrhea after drinking?

Certain drinks including alcohol, coffee, prune juice, or soda have a laxative effect that can cause diarrhea.

How do I prevent diarrhea?

It may not be possible to fully prevent diarrhea, but these steps can reduce the chances of it:

We Might Finally Be Able to Treat the "Stomach Flu" (#inmice)

Practice proper hygiene. Washing your hands regularly throughout the day can reduce the spread of viruses that cause diarrhea.

Get a vaccination for rotavirus, a gastrointestinal infection that can cause diarrhea and dehydration.9

Avoid eating spoiled food, keep food at recommended temperatures, and cook food to recommended temperatures.

If you travel to other countries, avoid drinking tap water unless you know the water is safe.1

A healthy stool is usually solid, soft, and brown. While diarrhea is unpleasant, it is not usually a sign of something serious. However, red or bloody diarrhea may be a sign of an underlying health problem.

Diarrhea occurs when digested food material and water pass through the intestines too quickly. Instead of having time to form a solid mass, the material passes through in a liquid form. Diarrhea may appear red due to blood in the stool, certain medications, and the color of digested food.

Red diarrhea may be alarming, but stool color can help a person determine the cause of their symptoms. This article discusses possible causes and treatment and what other stool colors mean.

Causes

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Several conditions and factors can cause a person’s stool to appear red. These include:

Viral infection: Viruses can causeTrusted Source bloody diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. This blood can sometimes appear in the stool, making it red.

Dysentery: Diarrhea with blood is known as dysentery. The most common causesTrusted Source of dysentery are Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica, a type of parasite. These can cause severe infections that inflame the intestines enough to result in bleeding.

Red foods: Foods that are naturally red or contain red food coloring can turn the stool red. Red diarrhea might occur if the food that a person eats causes food poisoning or irritates the stomach. Foods that can turn stool red include beets, cranberries, red candy, red frosting, red licorice, tomatoes, and tomato sauce.

Colon polyps: These small growths in the colon can cause bleeding that will be apparent in diarrhea.

Gastric cancers: Bleeding is a common side effectTrusted Source of gastric cancer.

Hemorrhoids: These are swollen blood vessels that occur inside the rectum and anus. Hemorrhoids are a common cause of rectal bleeding and red diarrhea.

Medications: The side effects of some medications may cause red stool. They can also irritate the stomach and potentially lead to diarrhea. Medications that cause red stools include liquid antibiotics.

Anal fissure: Sometimes, a scratch in the rectal area can cause the stool to appear bloody. In this case, it may only be a small amount of bright red blood.

Risk factors

Naturally, people with any of the above conditions will be at greater risk of having red-colored diarrhea.

Typical risk factors for diarrhea in general include:

poor hygiene, including poor handwashing technique

drinking contaminated water

eating large quantities of meat and fibers

inflammatory bowel disease

diabetes

Learn more about diarrhea causes and risk factors here.

Treatment

If a person’s red diarrhea is due to gastrointestinal bleeding, doctors will treat the underlying condition causing the bleeding. If a person thinks red diarrhea is due to their medication, they should speak to a doctor about possible alternatives.

Diarrhea is often how the body gets rid of a virus. Diarrhea symptoms often resolve on their own. In the case of viral infection, this may occur once the body’s immune system defeats the infection.

When a person has diarrhea, they can lose a significant amount of fluidTrusted Source via their stool. When this happens, a person can become dehydrated.

A person should drink small sips of fluids to rehydrate. Oral rehydration solutions can also assist in this.

However, prolonged diarrhea may require additional treatments, such as intravenous fluids and medications to reduce cramping in the bowels.

Discover home remedies for diarrhea here.

Prevention

If red diarrhea is due to dysentery or infection, a person can take measures to prevent it in the future.

Ways to help preventTrusted Source infectious diarrhea include:

practicing good personal and food hygiene

only drinking safe drinking water

vaccination against rotavirus

When to contact a doctor

Bloody diarrhea may be a sign of a medical emergency, so a person should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

A person should also contact a doctor if they have the following symptoms in addition to red diarrhea:

chills

diarrhea that lasts more than 2 daysTrusted Source

fainting

fever

severe diarrhea

vomiting

severe abdominal cramps

While diarrhea is not always a cause for concern, severe or persistent bleeding may be a medical emergency. Anyone who is concerned about red stool should speak with a doctor as soon as possible.

Learn more about how long diarrhea can last here.

Other stool colors

Checking stool color can often help a person determine the cause of their gastrointestinal symptoms.

Stool can come in a range of colors and have various causes:

Black stools: Tarry, black stools or stools the consistency of coffee grounds can indicate potential gastrointestinal bleeding. Black diarrhea can sometimesTrusted Source point to an upper GI bleed. This is because the blood has had more time to travel through the GI tract and darken. Certain foods, such as licorice or high quantities of grape juice, may also turn stool black.

Green stools: Green stools may be due to bile in the stool. Taking iron supplements can also cause stool to become dark green.

Pale stools: Pale or clay-colored stools may indicate stones in the bile duct that empty from the gallbladder. If a person also observes dark urine, this is a further sign that a problem with the gallbladder or liver could be the underlying cause. Some antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide can also cause pale stools.

Yellowish, greasy stool: Yellow stool may signal an infection or a malabsorption disorder, such as celiac disease.

Learn more about different stool colors here.

Summary

Diarrhea may appear red due to bleeding in and around the gastrointestinal system, viral infections, or the color of food a person consumes.

Treatment for red diarrhea will typically involve remedying its underlying cause. For example, if a person’s stool is red due to blood from an anal fissure, stopping the bleed will be the most important step.

A person can reduce their risk of general diarrhea by practicing good personal and food hygiene and only drinking safe drinking water.

Diarrhea is when someone has loose, watery stools or bowel movements. When this occurs after eating, it is known as postprandial diarrhea (PD), which can happen quite unexpectedly. It can also cause discomfort or pain until a bowel movement occurs.

Adam Sargent/EyeEm/Getty Images

PD is relatively common, but it may be difficult to figure out what is causing it and how to treat it. The reason for this is that PD can be a sign of a medical condition, or it can just happen with no specific cause.

Diarrhea is either acute or chronic, depending on how long the symptoms last. Acute diarrhea lasts for only a couple of days or weeks. Chronic diarrhea, on the other hand, can last for several weeks or months.

This article discusses the causes of both acute and chronic PD, along with what a person can do to treat and prevent them.

How common is diarrhea after eating?

How often diarrhea occurs can vary greatly and depends on the underlying cause. The following are the prevalence rates of some common causes of diarrhea following eating. A person may not necessarily experience diarrhea, but diarrhea can be a symptom of each condition:

Food poisoning: 1 in 6 people get food poisoning each year.

Lactose intolerance: The prevalence varies greatly, with it affecting about 5% of people of northern European descent and possibly up to 90% of people of Hispanic, African, or Asian descent.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): 2015 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that about 3 millionTrusted Source adults in the United States report living with IBD.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Worldwide, IBS affects approximately 10–15% of individuals and is the most common GI disorder that gastroenterologists diagnose.

Antibiotic side effects: A 2015 study found a prevalence rate of about 9.6%Trusted Source for antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

Celiac disease: This affects about 1 in 133 Americans, or 1% of the U.S. population.

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu, norovirus): This affects about 19–21Trusted Source million Americans every year.

Causes of diarrhea

There are many different causes of PD or diarrhea after eating, depending on whether it is acute or chronic.

Acute PD

Acute diarrhea usually lasts for 1–2 daysTrusted Source. Doctors either treat it with medicine or leave it to run its course. Its causes include:

Food poisoning

Contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, or other organisms can cause contamination and lead to illness. Viruses and bacteria are the leading causes of food poisoning in the U.S.

Infection

Viral gastroenteritis, also known as “stomach flu,” can cause diarrhea and vomiting. “Flu” is a misnomer as this type of infection has nothing to do with influenza. Instead, the most common causeTrusted Source of viral gastroenteritis is norovirus.

Gastrocolic reflex

Gastrocolic reflex is a physiological reflex where consuming food causes the rectum to respond by moving stool. The intensity of the movement can vary between people. Doctors can useTrusted Source this phenomenon to help relieve constipation in children and older people by establishing a routine of passing a bowel movement after eating. It is a relatively common occurrence, but it does not typically cause diarrhea.

Lactose intolerance

Some people have an allergy to milk or are not able to digest lactose, which is the sugar in milk. This means that if they drink or eat milk, it can cause diarrhea, cramping, and gas. Lactose intolerance has a higher prevalence rate in people with Asian, African, or Hispanic ancestry compared with those with northern European ancestry.

Toddler’s diarrhea

Acute diarrhea is common in young children between the ages of about 6 months and 5 years. Although doctors do not know the exact cause, theories include children who experience it moving food through their bowels faster, which does not allow for as much water absorption. Another theory is that it occurs in children who drink a lot of sugary drinks, such as fruit juice. The high amount of sugar causes water to enter the intestines, making the stool more watery.

Antibiotics

Some antibiotics can cause an upset stomach and acute diarrhea. The symptoms tend to resolve once the person stops taking antibiotics.

Parasites

Some parasites can cause acute diarrhea. The symptoms tend to last until a doctor identifies and removes the parasite.

These types of parasites are not common in developed countries and people usually contract them while traveling. The most common parasites in the U.S. include roundworm, protozoa, and tapeworms.

Chronic PD

Chronic diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts for at least 4 weeksTrusted Source, with a minimum of three loose or watery bowel movements each day. Potential causes of chronic diarrhea include:

Irritable bowel syndrome

IBS is a disorder that can cause bloating, cramping, and either constipation (IBS-C) or diarrhea (IBS-D). It is the most common GI disorder, with a 10–15% worldwide prevalence rate. Dietary changes, medication, and stress management strategies can often help a person control the condition.

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBD is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells of the intestines, causing inflammation and irritability in the intestines.

Diarrhea Home Remedies | Natural Remedy for Diarrhea | How to Cure Diarrhea Quickly

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are two examples of IBD. Both can cause persistent diarrhea, cramping, weight loss, and tiredness.

Endocrine disorders

Some hormonal disorders, such as hyperthyroidism and diabetes, can cause chronic diarrhea, especially if there is nerve damage to the intestinal tract.

Celiac disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the absorption of gluten, the protein found in wheat and wheat products.

People with this condition have diarrhea wheneverTrusted Source they eat food that contains gluten from wheat, barley, or rye. Several products may contain gluten, including pasta, bread, sauces, gravies, and other products a person may not immediately think about. A person should check the label of prepared foods to see if they contain gluten.

Treatment

In most cases of acute diarrhea, the symptoms go away over time, and a person can manage them at home.

Home care

Home care often includes a combination of hydration, bland foods, and preventing others from getting sick if an underlying illness is a cause.

People living with chronic conditions, such as IBD, IBS, or celiac disease, should follow their doctor’s recommendations on diet to help prevent making their symptoms worse.

Hydration

Diarrhea can lead to dehydration if a person does not replace the lost fluids. People with mild to moderate diarrhea may findTrusted Source the following methods to replace lost fluids helpful:

electrolyte-replacement solutions, such as Gatorade or Pedialyte

watered-down apple juice

ginger ale

soup broth

It is important to use fluids that contain sugar and salt to help replace lost electrolytes.

Foods to eat

Someone with acute diarrhea should eat bland foods until their stomach starts to feel better. Bananas, rice, soup, and crackers are particularly easy to digest and can help to harden stools.

Hand hygiene

Hand washing and other hygiene measures provide a crucial step in preventing the spread of the germs that cause diarrhea. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hand washing with soap can help prevent diarrheal disease by up to 48%.

A person should frequently wash their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub throughout the day, including:

after changing a diaper

before and after preparing food or eating

after going to the bathroom

after touching any infectious material

Medical treatment

Treatment of diarrhea, whether it is acute or chronic, depends on its cause.

If an infection is to blame, medication may help. However, sometimes a person just needs rest, fluids, and time.

As long as there is no fever or blood in the stools, a person can use over-the-counter (OTC) medications to reduce the frequency of loose stools. These will not cure the cause of diarrhea but can make someone feel better and cut down the fluid loss.

Medications include:

loperamide (Imodium)

diphenoxylate-atropine (Lomotil)

bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate)

If a specific food or substance, such as lactose or gluten, causes diarrhea, it is important for a person to avoid those triggers in the future.

When IBD or IBS causes diarrhea, a person may need to use medications to control the immune system or inflammatory reaction. These can include biologics and steroids. A person should follow their treatment plan when taking medications and tell their doctor if these no longer help.

Learn more about IBD treatments here.

When to see a doctor

People with diarrhea that do not see improvements with home measures or other treatments within 48 hoursTrusted Source should see their doctor.

A person should seek medical attention immediately if they experience diarrhea and any of the following symptoms:

signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, cramps, thirst, dark-colored urine, dizziness, not urinating, or confusion

signs of bleeding, such as bloody or black diarrhea, or stools that contain blood or mucus

a high temperature

severe stomach pain

A doctor will review a person’s medical history, do a physical exam, and may order additional diagnostic tests. Once the doctor finds the cause of the diarrhea, they can recommend an appropriate treatment.

Prevention

Many kinds of diarrhea are preventable. Hand hygiene can help prevent acute illness, and avoiding trigger foods may help a person living with a chronic condition avoid flares.

Some additional prevention methods include:

Rotavirus vaccine: Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea in young children. The CDCTrusted Source recommend vaccinating babies and young children to help prevent this viral infection.

Food preparation: A person should only consume well-cooked foods, drink purified water, particularly while traveling, and avoid eating contaminated food. This can help a person avoid food poisoning.

Questions and answers

The following are answers to some frequently asked questions about the causes of diarrhea after eating.

What causes yellow diarrhea after eating?

Stool color can give some clues to a person’s health. While brown stool indicates the person is healthy, yellow stool could indicate the presence of Giardia, a common parasite. It can also indicate issues with the liver, gallbladder disease, or malnutrition associated with celiac disease. Black or red stools can indicate intestinal bleeding, while green, blue, or orange stools can result from eating foods containing these colors.

What causes stomach pain and diarrhea after eating?

Several conditions can cause stomach pain along with diarrhea. Some common ones include:

IBD

IBS

celiac disease

infections

food poisoning

What causes fatigue and diarrhea after eating?

People who experience both fatigue and diarrhea likely have an underlying health condition, such as celiac disease or IBD. It is also possible that a person has an acute stomach infection that is causing fatigue as well.

What causes diarrhea 6 hours after eating?

If a person experiences diarrhea within hours of eating, they may have food poisoning. Symptoms such as diarrhea can occur in as little as a few hoursTrusted Source from eating the bad food. It is also possible that a person may have an undiagnosed case of IBS, so they should talk with their doctor if symptoms persist.

What causes diarrhea after eating salad?

Having a bowel movement or even diarrhea after eating a salad is not uncommon or concerning when no other symptoms are present. Salad and other foods high in fiber can often trigger a bowel movement and possibly even diarrhea since some people do not always digest it well. However, diarrhea after eating a salad could also indicate exposure to contamination from spoiled or improperly washed ingredients.

What causes gas and diarrhea after eating fatty foods?

In some cases, gas and diarrhea after eating fatty foods may be the result of a person consuming too much. Some underlying conditions, such as gallbladder disease or IBS, can also cause a combination of gas and diarrhea.

Can Covid cause diarrhea after eating?

Covid can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea. Symptoms typically clear within a few weeks, but they can sometimes last for months or years.

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Outlook

In most cases, acute diarrhea will pass through a person’s system within 2 days with or without treatment. During this time, they should stay hydrated and possibly take OTC medication for some symptom relief.

While chronic diarrhea may have a more distinct medical cause, such as IBD, the outlook is still good. Treatments, including avoiding certain foods and following a treatment plan, can help improve a person’s outcome.

Occasional diarrhea is a common occurrence, and most people will experience an episode at least once or twice a year. In most cases, the symptoms will disappear in a few days.

People can manage the symptoms of diarrhea by resting, staying hydrated, and making certain dietary adjustments. While certain foods can promote recovery, others can potentially make the symptoms worse.

Although it is usually possible to manage occasional bouts of diarrhea at home, anyone who is experiencing persistent diarrhea should see a doctor, as they may become dehydrated over time.

What is diarrhea?

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Diarrhea is a bowel movement that has a loose texture or is more liquid than solid. It is a common problem that may affect a person a couple of times each year. Diarrhea will usually resolve within a week or less.

People with chronic digestive conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or Crohn’s disease, may experience diarrhea more regularly.

In addition to loose or runny stools, diarrhea is associated with other digestive symptoms, includingTrusted Source:

cramps

abdominal bloating and pain

a bubbling sensation in the intestines

an urgent need to have a bowel movement

nausea

vomiting

fever

A person’s diet is crucial if they are experiencing diarrhea. Some foods might help relieve the symptoms of diarrhea, whereas other foods can make them worse.

Foods to eat

While recovering from diarrhea, a person should eat bland, simple foods that are easy to digest and will help absorb some water from the stool.

Bland foods

People with diarrhea should eat bland foods, as spicy or complex foods can irritate the bowels. Doctors often recommend the BRAT diet, which includesTrusted Source:

bananas

plain white rice

applesauce

bread or toast

Other suitable foods include:

boiled potatoes

unseasoned crackers

hot cereals, such as oatmeal, cream of wheat, or rice porridge

These foods may be especially helpful on the first day of dealing with diarrhea. Eating many small meals throughout the day rather than a few large ones can help keep the digestive system from becoming overworked.

Probiotics

Probiotic foods, such as yogurt and kefir, may help in some cases. Probiotics aid digestion by improving the balance of good and bad bacteria in the gut.

However, dairy products can irritate the digestive system because they are difficult to digest. Due to this, a person may wish to try nondairy sources of probiotics, such as fermented soy milk, fruits, and vegetables.

A person should talk with a doctor before using probiotics.

What to drink

Liquids are also vital to recovery. People with diarrhea need to drink plenty of water throughout the day, and they should drink an additional cup of water after every loose bowel movement.

Drinking plenty of water helps prevent dehydration and flush any toxins out of the body.

As well as water, the body loses minerals and electrolytes through diarrhea. People should try to drink liquids containing minerals and electrolytes to replenish those lost. Sources of electrolytes and minerals includeTrusted Source:

soup or broth

coconut water

electrolyte water

sports drinks

Foods to avoid

Many foods can aggravate the digestive system and make diarrhea worse. These includeTrusted Source:

Spicy foods

Spicy ingredients can act as irritants in the digestive system. People dealing with diarrhea should stick to bland foods, as these pose the lowest risk of agitating the digestive system.

Fried foods

It is not advisable to eat foods high in fat or oil when recovering from diarrhea. Added fats and oils from frying can be difficult for the sensitive digestive system to process and will likely make symptoms worse.

A person can try eating boiled or steamed vegetables and lean proteins instead.

Sugary foods and artificial sweeteners

Sugars that pass into the colon may disrupt the already sensitive bacteria there, making diarrhea worse. These sugars will be present in fruit juices and high sugar fruits, as well as candy and sweet baked goods.

Kids Health: Diarrhea - Natural Home Remedies for Diarrhea

People with diarrhea should also avoid artificial sweeteners, some of which can have a laxative effect.

High fiber foods

It may also help to avoid too much fiber. Fiber helps keep the digestive system active. Usually, this is a good thing, but when the body is trying to recover from diarrhea, fiber may make the symptoms worse.

Insoluble fibers, which are the main culpritTrusted Source, are in various foods, including:

whole grains, such as wheat, rice, and barley

whole grain bread or baked goods

grain cereals

nuts and seeds

Soluble fibers, such as the pectin in apples and bananas, can actually help a person recover from diarrhea. However, a person should still try to limit their intake, at least for the first day of symptoms.

Other foods not to eat

Other foods that can irritate the bowels during diarrhea include:

most processed, packaged food

legumes, which include chickpeas, beans, peas, and lentils

foods that produce gas in the intestines, such as cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower

fatty meats, including sardines, pork, and veal

dairy products

nuts

raw vegetables

What not to drink

Caffeinated beverages, such as coffee, tea, and soda, may overstimulate the digestive system and make the symptoms worse.

Carbonated drinks may also irritate or contribute to other symptoms, such as bloating and cramps. People should also avoid alcohol when dealing with diarrhea.

Although many sports drinks contain electrolytes that may help with dehydration, they often have added sugars or artificial sweeteners. Coconut water and electrolyte-enhanced water are good alternatives.

Treatment

In addition to following a diet that will help relieve diarrhea, a person can try several other remedies to make a swift recovery.

Other diarrhea treatments include bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol) and loperamide (Imodium). These drugs can help relieve occasional cases of diarrhea and may be helpful to have on hand in a medicine cupboard.

Pepto Bismol and Imodium are available for purchase over the counter (OTC) or online.

Spicy foods, those with a high fat content, and some artifical sweeteners can all cause diarrhea. Dairy and gluten may also cause diarrhea in those with intolerances.

Diarrhea is often the result of infection. However, the food a person eats can sometimes cause diarrhea and related symptoms.

This article explores the foods that cause diarrhea, how to tell if diarrhea is due to something that has been eaten, treatment options, and when to see a doctor.

Why do some foods cause diarrhea?

Shàng Jia Zhen Dà/EyeEm/Getty Images

Some foods are difficult to digest, increase water levels in the bowel, and irritate the digestive system lining. These factors can all cause or worsen diarrhea.

A person may experience diarrhea after eating food due to specific intolerances, such as lactose or gluten intolerance.

Foods that may contribute to diarrhea

Some foodstuffs, and food types, that can cause diarrhea include:

1. Sugar and artificial sweeteners

Some sugars and artificial sweeteners can have a laxative effect.

Fructose is a component of table sugar and occurs naturally in fruits. The body can only digest a certain amount of fructose at one time. Consuming more fructose than the body may cause diarrhea.

One source estimates that approximately 30–40% of people have trouble absorbing significant amounts of fructose.

Some fruits contain more fructose than others. Some examples of foods high in fructose include:

apples

grapes

agave

honey

Sugar alcohols, including sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and erythritol, are common sweeteners. The body does not absorb these sugar alcohols well, and they can causeTrusted Source diarrhea in some people, especially if consumed in large amounts.

2. Caffeine

Drinks and foods that contain caffeine can causeTrusted Source diarrhea and loose stools in some people. Caffeine is a stimulant and accelerates the rate that food moves through the intestines.

Common dietary sources of caffeine include:

chocolate

coffee

soda

tea

3. High fat foods

Foods that contain a lot of fat can cause digestive difficulties. The body has difficulty breaking down and processing high fat foodstuffs.

Dietary fat also promotes bile production and increasesTrusted Source water levels in the small bowel. The combination of these factors can lead to digestive dysfunction and diarrhea.

4. Spicy foods

Spicy foods containing hot peppers are another cause of diarrhea.

Capsaicin is the compound that makes chili peppers taste spicy. It is a potent chemical that can irritateTrusted Source the lining of the stomach and intestines.

Avoiding foods high in capsaicin may help reduceTrusted Source symptoms and frequency of diarrhea.

5. Lactose

People who are lactose intolerant may experience diarrhea after they consume dairy products. Lactose intolerance and malabsorption are common globally. However, it is most prevalent in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Sub-Saharan African communities.

Some people with lactose intolerance may tolerate small amounts of dairy products that are aged or lower in lactose. These products include yogurt, kefir, and hard cheeses.

6. FODMAPs

Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) are a category of carbohydrates. High-FODMAP foods are difficult for some people to digest and may cause diarrhea.

A 2021 studyTrusted Source of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients with diarrhea found that following a low FODMAP diet improved diarrhea symptoms and increased quality of life.

Some categories in this article, such as fructose, lactose, and sugar alcohols, are FODMAPs. The list of high-FODMAP foods is extensive. However, a few other examples include:

artichokes

beans

garlic

onions

A low FODMAP diet can be challenging due to its various food restrictions. If someone thinks that FODMAPs may cause diarrhea, a registered dietitian can provide education and guidance.

Learn all about low FODMAP diets here.

7. Gluten

Gluten is the protein in wheat, rye, and barley. Many people may be gluten intolerant to varying degrees. People with celiac disease have a severe reaction to gluten where their immune system reacts trigger damage to the small intestine. This can cause diarrhea.

People that do not have celiac disease may still have issues tolerating gluten. If someone suspects that gluten may be responsible for their diarrhea, they should contact a doctor for proper testing before starting a gluten-free diet.

Learn more about gluten intolerance here.

When to contact a doctor about diarrhea

The American College of Gastroenterology recommends seeing a doctor if diarrhea continues for longer than 48 hours. People should also see a doctor if diarrhea contains blood, is accompanied by severe stomach pain, or if they do not feel well.

Infants and older adults are more prone to dehydration, which means that diarrhea can be particularly dangerous for people in these groups. It is important to look out for signs of dehydration in these groups, such as:

a reduced amount of urine

increased heart rate

dizziness or confusion

How to tell if diarrhea is due to food

DIarrhea can be difficult to diagnose in the absence of an underlying cause.

To assess what foods are causing diarrhea, people may find it helpful to keep a food and symptom diary. This may help to identify links between certain foods and diarrhea symptoms.

Before attributing diarrhea to food, it is also important to check recent medication changes. Diarrhea is a common side effect of many drugs, such as antibiotics and medications that contain magnesium.

5 Home Remedies for Loose Motions in Children

How to treat diarrhea

If someone has diarrhea, they should assess their diet for any potential diarrhea triggers and eliminate them if necessary. This can help to avoid a recurrence of diarrhea.

However, a person can also take steps to treat the immediate symptoms.

Hydration

Diarrhea can cause dehydration. Staying hydrated is crucial when experiencing diarrhea. Besides drinking plenty of water, people can drink the followingTrusted Source to maintain hydration.

broth

caffeine-free tea

diluted juice

drinks that contain electrolytes, such as sports drinks

Medications

Over-the-counter medications are also availableTrusted Source to help treat diarrhea. People should check with their doctor to determine if a store-bought medication is appropriate.

These include:

loperamide (Imodium)

simethicone

bismuth subsalicylate

Probiotics

Probiotics are the beneficial bacteria that live in the gut. They may be helpful in reducing IBS symptoms and preventing diarrhea when taking antibiotics.

Learn all about probiotics here.

Soluble fiber

While foods high in insoluble fiber can worsen diarrhea, foods containing soluble fiber can help promoteTrusted Source more formed stools, reducing diarrhea.

Soluble fibers attract water during digestion and form gels. This reduces excess water content in stools. Lentils, barley, and oat bran are high in soluble fiber.

Psyllium is a soluble fiber that is common in many fiber supplements.

Learn more about psyllium and fiber supplements here.

Summary

Oily, high fat foods, spicy chili peppers, and artificial sweeteners can all disrupt the digestive system and cause diarrhea. In people with intolerances, gluten and lactose may also cause diarrhea.

Keeping a food and symptom diary can help people to assess what foods are causing their diarrhea. They can then reduce the intake of these foods or eliminate them from their diet entirely.

There are many home remedies and over-the-counter medications that can reduce symptoms. If a person has diarrhea for 2 days or more, has blood in their stool, or feels severe stomach pain, they should contact a doctor immediately.

Diarrhea can be highly uncomfortable, but most people can effectively treat it with rest and home remedies.

Diarrhea is a digestive problem that causes loose, watery bowel movements. It can be uncomfortable for a few hours or days, after which the symptoms should improve. In some instances, they last longer.

While diarrhea often goes away on its own, several home remedies can ease symptoms and speed up recovery.

1. Rehydrating

Diarrhea causes a deficit of fluids, making it vital to rehydrate.

Hydrating the body is essential to recovering from diarrhea.

Diarrhea causes a deficit of fluids, including water. This causes the body to lose electrolytes such as sodium and chloride.

To support recovery, it is vital to restore fluids. Otherwise, a person may become dehydrated.

Dehydration can be dangerous in children and older adults, so it is crucial to encourage them to drink water if they are experiencing diarrhea.

Drinking water is the first step to rehydrating. A person can also to create an oral rehydration solution by mixing 1 liter of water with half a teaspoon of salt and 6 teaspoons of sugar.

Consuming sugar and salt with water helps the intestines to absorb fluids more efficiently. This solution more effectively rehydrates the body after a bout of diarrhea than water alone.

Other drinks can also be beneficial. For example, drinking sports drinks can help rehydrate the body and restore potassium and sodium. Fruit juices can also help restore potassium.

Avoid drinking anything that will further irritate the digestive tract, such as:

caffeinated drinks

alcohol

carbonated beverages

very hot drinks

2. Eating a recovery diet

A diet of small, frequent meals can be better than eating three larger meals a day when recovering from diarrhea. A good diet for someone with diarrhea may involve:

foods rich in pectin, such as fruit

foods high in potassium, such as potatoes and sweet potatoes

foods with electrolytes, such as miso soup and sports drinks

cooked, soft vegetables

adequate amounts of protein

Some people find that having a liquid diet for the first 24 hours of diarrhea helps settle the digestive system. This may include salty broths, bland soups, and drinks.

Adopting this diet for the first 24 hours may prevent the bowels from working too hard.

Another option for people with diarrhea is the BRAT diet. This consists of:

Bananas

Rice

Apple sauce

Toast

This diet combines bland foods that are low in fiber and high in starch, which may help produce more solid bowel movements. It also contains helpful nutrients, such as potassium and pectin.

It is essential to note that the BRAT diet is highly restrictive and does not provide balanced nutrition. People should only follow this diet until they are feeling better and not any longer than 2 days.

3. Avoiding certain foods

A person with diarrhea should avoid eating greasy foods.

It can help to avoid foods that could irritate or put pressure on the gastrointestinal tract, such as:

high-fat foods

greasy foods

spicy foods

foods containing artificial sweeteners

foods with high levels of fructose

Some doctors recommend avoiding dairy products, as they may worsen diarrhea in some people. While general evidence for this claim is limited, people with lactose intolerance should avoid these products.

4. Taking probiotics

Probiotics are microorganisms that can benefit the digestive system. They can support the workings of the gut and help fight off infection.

Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts in some yogurts and other fermented foods. People can also buy probiotic supplements in health stores or online.

In 2010, researchers conducted a large systematic review of 63 studies on probiotics, with over 8,000 participants.

They found that probiotics significantly shortened the duration of recovery from diarrhea. They also found probiotics to be safe, without any major side effects.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate probiotic supplements, so be sure to purchase them from a reputable source and ask a doctor or pharmacist if in doubt.

5. Trying medicines

Over-the-counter drugs, such as Imodium, can help reduce symptoms and speed up recovery time.

Several over-the-counter medications are available for treating diarrhea.

Antimotility drugs can help reduce symptoms and speed up recovery time. A common example of this type of drug is loperamide (Imodium).

However, these medications are not always appropriate. People with bloody bowel movements or a fever should refrain from taking antimotility drugs and speak to a doctor instead.

When to see a doctor

In most cases, it is possible to treat diarrhea at home without consulting a doctor. However, if diarrhea lasts for more than 2 daysTrusted Source, seek medical advice to avoid complications.

Other reasons to see a doctor for diarrhea include:

blood or pus in bowel movements

a fever

signs of dehydration, such as extreme thirst and dry mouth

chronic diarrhea

diarrhea during sleep

significant weight loss

severe abdominal pain

People at risk of complications, such as young children and older adults, should also see a doctor for treatment if diarrhea does not improve with time and home remedies.

Almost everyone gets an upset stomach from time to time.

Common symptoms include nausea, indigestion, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea or constipation.

There are many potential reasons for an upset stomach and treatments vary depending on the underlying cause.

Thankfully, a variety of foods can settle an upset stomach and help you feel better, faster.

Here are the 12 best foods for an upset stomach.

1. Ginger Can Relieve Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of an upset stomach.

Ginger, a fragrant edible root with bright yellow flesh, is frequently used as a natural remedy for both of these symptoms (1Trusted Source).

Ginger can be enjoyed raw, cooked, steeped in hot water or as a supplement, and is effective in all forms (2Trusted Source).

It’s often taken by women suffering from morning sickness, a type of nausea and vomiting that can occur during pregnancy.

A review of 6 studies including over 500 pregnant women found that taking 1 gram of ginger daily was associated with 5 times less nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (3Trusted Source).

Inflammatory bowel disease: triggers, diet tips and treatment

Ginger is also helpful for people undergoing chemotherapy or major surgery, since these treatments can cause severe nausea and vomiting.

Taking 1 gram of ginger daily, prior to undergoing chemo or surgery, can significantly reduce the severity of these symptoms (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source).

Ginger can even be used as a natural remedy for motion sickness. When taken beforehand, it can help reduce the intensity of nausea symptoms and speed of recovery time (7Trusted Source).

How this works is not entirely understood, but it’s hypothesized that ginger regulates nervous system signaling in the stomach and speeds up the rate at which the stomach empties, thereby reducing nausea and vomiting (7Trusted Source, 8Trusted Source).

Ginger is generally considered safe, but heartburn, stomach pain and diarrhea can occur at doses above 5 grams per day (9Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Ginger can help reduce nausea and vomiting, especially when associated with pregnancy, surgery, chemotherapy or motion sickness.

2. Chamomile May Reduce Vomiting and Soothe Intestinal Discomfort

Chamomile, an herbal plant with small white flowers, is a traditional remedy for upset stomachs.

Chamomile can be dried and brewed into a tea or taken by mouth as a supplement.

Historically, chamomile has been used for a variety of intestinal troubles, including gas, indigestion, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting (10Trusted Source).

Yet despite its widespread use, only a limited number of studies support its effectiveness for digestive complaints.

One small study found that chamomile supplements reduced the severity of vomiting after chemotherapy treatments, but it’s unclear whether it would have the same effects on other types of vomiting (10Trusted Source).

An animal study found that chamomile extracts relieved diarrhea in mice by reducing intestinal spasms and decreasing the amount of water secreted into the stool, but more research is needed to see if this applies to humans (11Trusted Source).

Chamomile is also commonly used in herbal supplements that relieve indigestion, gas, bloating and diarrhea, as well as colic in babies (12Trusted Source, 13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source).

However, since chamomile is combined with many other herbs in these formulas, it’s difficult to know whether the beneficial effects are from chamomile or from a combination of the other herbs.

Although the gut-soothing effects of chamomile are widely recognized, research has not yet shown how it helps to relieve stomach upset.

SUMMARY

Chamomile is a commonly used remedy for stomach and intestinal discomfort, but more research is needed to understand how it works.

3. Peppermint May Relieve Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

For some people, upset stomach is caused by irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. IBS is a chronic gut disorder that can cause stomach pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea.

While IBS can be difficult to manage, studies show that peppermint may help reduce these uncomfortable symptoms.

Taking peppermint oil capsules daily for at least two weeks can significantly reduce stomach pain, gas and diarrhea in adults with IBS (16Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source).

Researchers believe that peppermint oil works by relaxing muscles in the digestive tract, reducing the severity of intestinal spasms that can cause pain and diarrhea (18Trusted Source, 19Trusted Source).

While the research is promising, additional studies need to determine whether peppermint leaf or peppermint tea have the same therapeutic effects (18Trusted Source).

Peppermint is safe for most people, but caution is advised for those with severe reflux, hiatal hernias, kidney stones or liver and gallbladder disorders, as it may worsen these conditions (18Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Peppermint, especially when consumed as peppermint oil, may help reduce stomach pain, bloating, gas and diarrhea for those with irritable bowel syndrome.

4. Licorice Can Reduce Indigestion and May Help Prevent Stomach Ulcers

Licorice is a popular remedy for indigestion and may also prevent painful stomach ulcers.

Traditionally, licorice root was consumed whole. Today, it’s most commonly taken as a supplement called deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL).

DGL is preferred over regular licorice root because it no longer contains glycyrrhizin, a naturally occurring chemical in licorice that can cause fluid imbalances, high blood pressure and low potassium levels when consumed in large quantities (20Trusted Source, 21Trusted Source).

Animal and test-tube studies show that DGL soothes stomach pain and discomfort by decreasing inflammation of the stomach lining and increasing mucus production to protect the tissues from stomach acid (22Trusted Source, 23Trusted Source).

This may be especially helpful for people suffering from an upset stomach caused by excessive stomach acid or acid reflux.

DGL supplements may also help relieve stomach pain and indigestion from stomach ulcers caused by an overgrowth of the bacteria known as H. pylori.

Several studies have shown that DGL supplements can eliminate H. pylori overgrowth, reducing symptoms and even promoting the healing of stomach ulcers (24Trusted Source, 25Trusted Source).

Overall, licorice is a soothing herb for the intestinal tract, and can help reduce inflammation and infections that may contribute to an upset stomach.

SUMMARY

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice root (DGL) can be useful for relieving stomach pain and indigestion caused by ulcers or acid reflux.

5. Flaxseed Relieves Constipation and Stomach Pain

Flaxseed, also known as linseed, is a small, fibrous seed that can help regulate bowel movements and relieve constipation and abdominal pain.

Chronic constipation is defined as fewer than three bowel movements per week, and is often associated with abdominal pain and discomfort (26Trusted Source, 27Trusted Source).

Flaxseed, consumed either as ground flaxseed meal or flaxseed oil, has been shown to relieve uncomfortable symptoms of constipation (28Trusted Source, 29Trusted Source).

Constipated adults who took about one ounce (4 ml) of flaxseed oil per day for two weeks had more bowel movements and better stool consistency than they did beforehand (30Trusted Source).

Another study found that those who ate flaxseed muffins every day had 30% more bowel movements each week than they did when they were not consuming the flax muffins (31Trusted Source).

Animal studies have found additional benefits of flaxseed, including preventing stomach ulcers and reducing intestinal spasms, but these effects have yet to be replicated in humans (32Trusted Source, 33Trusted Source, 34Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Ground flaxseed meal and flaxseed oil can help regulate bowel movements and relieve constipation in humans. Animal studies suggest they may also prevent stomach ulcers and intestinal spasms, but more research is needed.

6. Papaya Can Improve Digestion and May Be Effective for Ulcers and Parasites

Papaya, also known as pawpaw, is a sweet, orange-fleshed tropical fruit that is sometimes used as a natural remedy for indigestion.

Papaya contains papain, a powerful enzyme that breaks down proteins in the food you eat, making them easier to digest and absorb (35).

Some people do not produce enough natural enzymes to fully digest their food, so consuming additional enzymes, like papain, may help relieve their symptoms of indigestion.

There has not been a lot of research on the benefits of papain, but at least one study found that regularly taking papaya concentrate reduced constipation and bloating in adults (36Trusted Source).

Papaya is also used in some West African countries as a traditional remedy for stomach ulcers. A limited number of animal studies support these claims, but more human research is needed (37Trusted Source, 38Trusted Source, 39Trusted Source).

Finally, papaya seeds have also been taken by mouth to eliminate intestinal parasites, which can live in the gut and cause severe abdominal discomfort and malnutrition (40Trusted Source, 41Trusted Source).

Several studies have shown that the seeds do indeed have antiparasitic properties and can increase the number of parasites passed in the stools of children (42Trusted Source, 43Trusted Source, 44Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Papaya concentrate may help relieve constipation, bloating and stomach ulcers, while the seeds may help eliminate intestinal parasites.

7. Green Bananas Help Relieve Diarrhea

An upset stomach caused by an infection or food poisoning is often accompanied by diarrhea.

Interestingly, several studies have found that giving cooked, green bananas to children with diarrhea can help reduce the amount, severity, and duration of episodes (45Trusted Source, 46Trusted Source).

In fact, one study found that the addition of cooked, green bananas was nearly four times more effective at eliminating diarrhea than a rice-based diet alone (47Trusted Source).

The powerful antidiarrheal effects of green bananas are due to a special type of fiber they contain known as resistant starch.

Resistant starch cannot be digested by humans, so it continues through the digestive tract all the way to the colon, the final portion of the intestines.

Once in the colon, it is slowly fermented by your gut bacteria to produce short-chain fatty acids, which stimulate the bowels to absorb more water and firm up the stools (48Trusted Source, 49Trusted Source).

While these results are impressive, more studies are needed to see if green bananas have the same antidiarrheal effects in adults.

Additionally, since resistant starches are converted to sugars as a banana ripens, it’s not known whether ripe bananas contain enough resistant starch to have the same effects (50Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

An upset stomach can sometimes be accompanied by diarrhea. Green bananas contain a type of fiber called resistant starch, which is very effective at relieving this type of diarrhea in children. More research is needed in adults.

8. Pectin Supplements Can Prevent Diarrhea and Dysbiosis

When a stomach bug or foodborne illness causes diarrhea, pectin supplements can help speed up recovery.

Diarrhea

Pectin is a type of plant fiber found in high quantities in apples and citrus fruits. It’s often isolated from these fruits and sold as its own food product or supplement (51Trusted Source).

Pectin is not digested by humans, so it stays within the intestinal tract where it’s very effective at firming stools and preventing diarrhea (12Trusted Source).

In fact, one study found that 82% of sick children taking daily pectin supplements recovered from their diarrhea within 4 days, compared to only 23% of children not taking pectin supplements (47Trusted Source).

Pectin also relieves stomach upset by promoting the growth of good bacteria in the digestive tract.

Sometimes, people develop uncomfortable symptoms of gas, bloating or abdominal pain due to an imbalance of bacteria in their intestines.

This can happen for a variety of reasons, but is especially common after gut infections, after taking antibiotics or during periods of high stress (52Trusted Source, 53Trusted Source).

Pectin supplements can help rebalance the gut and reduce these symptoms by increasing the growth of good bacteria and reducing the growth of harmful ones (54Trusted Source, 55Trusted Source, 49Trusted Source).

While pectin supplements are effective at relieving diarrhea and promoting a healthy balance of gut bacteria, it’s unknown whether natural foods rich in pectin would have the same benefits. More research is needed.

SUMMARY

Pectin, a type of plant fiber found in apples and citrus fruits, may help shorten the duration of diarrhea and promote healthy gut bacteria when taken as a supplement.

9. Low-FODMAP Foods May Reduce Gas, Bloating and Diarrhea

Some people have trouble digesting carbohydrates known as FODMAPs: fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols.

When undigested FODMAPs enter the colon, they are rapidly fermented by gut bacteria, which creates excessive gas and bloating. They also attract water, which triggers diarrhea (56Trusted Source).

Many people with digestive troubles, especially those with IBS, find that avoiding foods with high levels of FODMAPs can help relieve their gas, bloating and diarrhea.

A review of 10 randomized controlled studies found that low-FODMAP diets relieved these symptoms in 50–80% of people with IBS (57Trusted Source).

While not all people with digestive issues have trouble digesting FODMAPs, working with a nutritionist may help you determine whether any of them are causing problems for you.

SUMMARY

Some people have trouble digesting fermentable carbohydrates known as FODMAPs, and feel better when consuming a low-FODMAP diet.

What to Eat When You Have Diarrhea

10. Probiotic-Rich Foods Can Regulate Bowel Movements

Sometimes an upset stomach can be caused by dysbiosis, an imbalance in the type or number of bacteria in your gut.

Eating foods rich in probiotics, the bacteria that are good for your gut, may help correct this imbalance and reduce symptoms of gas, bloating or irregular bowel movements (58Trusted Source).

Probiotic-containing foods that benefit gut health include:

Yogurt: Several studies have shown that eating yogurt containing live, active bacterial cultures can relieve both constipation and diarrhea (59Trusted Source, 60Trusted Source, 61Trusted Source).

Buttermilk: Buttermilk can help alleviate antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and may also help relieve constipation (62Trusted Source, 63Trusted Source, 64Trusted Source, 65Trusted Source).

Kefir: Drinking 2 cups (500 ml) of kefir per day for one month can help people with chronic constipation experience more regular bowel movements (66Trusted Source).

Other foods that contain probiotics include miso, natto, tempeh, sauerkraut, kimchi and kombucha, but more research is needed to determine how they affect gut health.

SUMMARY

Probiotic-rich foods, especially fermented dairy products, may help regulate bowel movements and provide relief from both constipation and diarrhea.

11. Bland Carbohydrates May Be More Easily Tolerated

Bland carbohydrates like rice, oatmeal, crackers and toast are often recommended for people suffering from upset stomachs.

While this recommendation is common, there is little evidence to show that they actually help relieve symptoms.

However, many people report that these foods are easier to keep down when you’re not feeling well (67Trusted Source, 68Trusted Source).

While bland carbohydrates may be more palatable during an illness, it’s important to expand your diet again as soon as possible. Restricting your diet too much may keep you from getting enough of the vitamins and minerals your body needs in order to heal (69Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Many people with an upset stomach find bland carbohydrates easier to tolerate than other foods, but there is little evidence to show that they actually relieve symptoms.

12. Clear Liquids With Electrolytes Can Prevent Dehydration

When an upset stomach is accompanied by vomiting or diarrhea, it’s easy to become dehydrated.

Vomiting and diarrhea cause your body to lose electrolytes, the minerals that maintain your body’s fluid balance and keep your nervous system functioning correctly.

Mild dehydration and electrolyte losses can usually be restored by drinking clear liquids and eating foods that naturally contain electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium.

Water, fruit juice, coconut water, sports drinks, broths and saltine crackers are great ways to restore fluid loss and electrolyte imbalances associated with mild dehydration (70Trusted Source).

If dehydration is severe, drinking a rehydration solution containing an ideal ratio of water, sugars and electrolytes may be necessary (71Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Drinking enough fluids and replenishing lost electrolytes is important for anyone suffering from vomiting or diarrhea.

The Bottom Line

There are many foods that can help relieve an upset stomach.

Herbs and spices like ginger, chamomile, mint and licorice have natural stomach-soothing properties, while fruits like papaya and green bananas can improve digestion.

Avoiding high-FODMAP foods helps some people eliminate gas, bloating and diarrhea, while probiotic foods like yogurt and kefir can help regulate bowel movements.

When an upset stomach is accompanied by vomiting or diarrhea, be sure to hydrate and replenish electrolytes. You may also find bland carbohydrates easier to keep down.

While it’s very common to experience an upset stomach from time to time, eating these foods can help you feel better and get on the road to recovery.

Scientifically, the stomach flu is known as viral gastroenteritis, a highly contagious infection that affects your stomach and intestines.

Norovirus — the most common stomach flu virus — results in 19–21 million cases each year in the United States alone (1Trusted Source).

The primary symptoms of the stomach flu include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramping, and abdominal pain (2Trusted Source).

Fortunately, some foods and beverages may help settle your stomach, prevent further complications, and help you bounce back faster.

Here are 17 foods and drinks for when you have the stomach flu.

1. Ice chips

The most common complication of the stomach flu is dehydration (3Trusted Source).

When the virus strikes you, it can be difficult to keep anything down, including water and other liquids.

Though hydration is crucial when faced with this illness, drinking too much at once may worsen nausea and vomiting.

Sucking on ice chips is a great place to start, as it prevents you from consuming liquids too quickly. This may help you keep fluids down and stay better hydrated in the early stages of the stomach flu (4Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Ice chips help you take in water slowly, which your body may tolerate better in the early stages of the stomach flu.

2. Clear liquids

Diarrhea and vomiting are the main symptoms of the stomach flu. They can quickly lead to dehydration if lost fluids aren’t replaced (5Trusted Source).

Clear liquids are mainly composed of water and carbs, making them easy to digest. Some options are:

water

broth

decaffeinated teas

clear fruit juices, such as apple, cranberry, and grape juice

sports drinks

coconut water

oral rehydration solutions, such as Pedialyte

Keep in mind that fruit juices and sports drinks can be very high in sugar, so it’s important to not drink too much of these beverages at once. Plus, avoid giving them to infants and young children without professional guidance, as they may worsen diarrhea (5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source, 7).

SUMMARY

Clear liquids are easily digested and help replenish fluids lost due to diarrhea and vomiting.

3. Electrolyte beverages

Electrolytes are a group of electrically-charged minerals that aid critical bodily functions, such as blood pressure regulation and muscle contraction (8, 9).

Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes is the cornerstone of stomach flu treatment (10Trusted Source).

At the first onset of diarrhea and vomiting, health professionals often recommend oral rehydration solutions, especially for infants and children. These contain water, sugar, and electrolytes in specific proportions that are easy to digest (11Trusted Source, 12Trusted Source, 13Trusted Source).

Sports drinks are another option to help replenish fluids and electrolytes but are typically higher in sugar.

Researchers suggest that they may be just as effective as oral rehydration solutions at treating dehydration in adults (14Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Electrolyte beverages provide fluids and replenish important minerals lost during the stomach flu.

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4. Peppermint tea

Peppermint tea may help relieve stomach flu symptoms. In fact, just the smell of peppermint may reduce nausea (15Trusted Source).

In one study in 26 people who experienced nausea after surgery, smelling peppermint oil while doing deep breathing exercises relieved nausea in 58% of participants (16Trusted Source).

Other studies suggest that smelling peppermint oil may help decrease episodes of diarrhea in those with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (17Trusted Source).

While studies on the benefits of peppermint tea for stomach flu specifically are lacking, there is little to lose by trying it. At the very least, peppermint tea is a potential source of much-needed fluids when you’re sick.

SUMMARY

Several studies suggest that smelling peppermint may alleviate nausea, though more research is needed on peppermint and the stomach flu specifically.

5. Ginger

Ginger is commonly used to alleviate nausea, a primary symptom of the stomach flu (18Trusted Source).

Though research on ginger for nausea during the stomach flu specifically is lacking, several studies have found that ginger helped reduce nausea due to pregnancy, cancer treatment, and motion sickness (19Trusted Source, 20Trusted Source, 21Trusted Source).

Ginger is available fresh, as a spice, or as an ingredient in teas, ginger ale, and candies. Meanwhile, concentrated amounts of this spice can be found in syrups, capsules, and tinctures (22Trusted Source).

However, it may be best to avoid concentrated sources, as ginger may cause diarrhea when taken in high doses (23Trusted Source).

Instead, try freshly grating ginger root into a soup or brewing it in tea to potentially relieve nausea during the stomach flu.

SUMMARY

Many studies support using ginger to reduce nausea, but more research is needed on using this herb to reduce nausea during the stomach flu specifically.

6. Broth-based soups

When experiencing diarrhea, the American College of Gastroenterology recommends broth and broth-based soups as a first choice when transitioning back to eating (24).

What is diarrhea

Broth-based soups have a very high water content, which can help with hydration during a bout of stomach flu.

They’re also an excellent source of sodium, an electrolyte that can quickly become depleted with frequent vomiting and diarrhea.

For example, 1 cup (240 ml) of a standard chicken-noodle soup is about 90% percent water and provides roughly 50% of the Daily Value (DV ) for sodium (25Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

During the stomach flu, broth-based soups are an ideal transition to solid foods, as they provide plenty of fluids and electrolytes.

7–10. Bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast

Bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are the foundation of the BRAT diet.

Health professionals commonly recommend these bland foods for stomach complaints, as they’re gentle on your stomach.

Keep in mind that the BRAT diet alone will not provide your body with all the nutrients it needs.

In fact, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children return to their usual age-appropriate diets as soon as they are rehydrated (26Trusted Source, 27Trusted Source).

Nonetheless, bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are safe options to start with when queasy from the stomach flu.

SUMMARY

Bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are safe foods to try while sick with the stomach flu.

11–13. Dry cereal, crackers, and pretzels

To avoid triggering nausea and vomiting during the stomach flu, dry foods like cereal, plain crackers, and pretzels are safe options (28, 29Trusted Source).

Since they’re free of spices, low in fat, and low in fiber, they’re gentle on your tummy.

They’re also made up of simple carbs, which are quickly and easily digested (30Trusted Source).

What’s more, these refined grains are often fortified with essential vitamins and minerals, which may help you get closer to meeting your daily nutrient needs while ill (31Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Dry cereal, crackers, and pretzels may be better tolerated during the stomach flu, as they’re easy to digest, free of spices and low in fat and fiber.

14. Plain potatoes

Bland foods like plain potatoes are great options when you have the stomach flu.

Plain potatoes are soft, low in fat, and made up of easily digestible starches. They’re also loaded with potassium, which is one of the primary electrolytes lost during vomiting and diarrhea (32Trusted Source).

In fact, just 1 medium potato (167 grams) provides about 12% of the DV for potassium (33Trusted Source).

Avoid adding high-fat toppings, such as butter, cheese, and sour cream, as they can worsen diarrhea. Instead, consider seasoning your potatoes with a dash of salt, as sodium can become depleted during the stomach flu.

SUMMARY

Plain potatoes are easily digested and rich in potassium, an important electrolyte that can become depleted during the stomach flu.

15. Eggs

Eggs are a nutritious choice when you’re ill with the stomach flu.

When prepared with minimal added fat, dairy, and spices, eggs are easy on your stomach.

They’re also an excellent source of protein, with 6 grams per large egg, and provide other nutrients, like B vitamins and selenium, which is a mineral that’s important for your immune system (34Trusted Source, 35Trusted Source).

Avoid frying eggs in oil, butter, or lard, as high amounts of fat may worsen your diarrhea (36Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Eggs are easy on your stomach and rich in protein and other nutrients, making them a great option when you’re sick with the stomach flu.

16. Low-fat poultry and meat

Lean poultry and meats may be better tolerated than high-fat options when you have the stomach flu. Lean choices include:

skinless, white meat cuts of chicken and turkey

extra-lean ground chicken, turkey, and beef

low-fat cold cuts (lunch meat), such as chicken, turkey, and ham

extra-lean cuts of beef, such as top sirloin and eye of round steak

pork chops with the fat trimmed off

Avoid frying the meat and instead opt for baking, roasting, or grilling to help keep the fat content low and prevent further aggravating your upset stomach.

SUMMARY

Low-fat poultry and meat are recommended over high-fat options, as they may be better tolerated during the stomach flu.

17. Fruit

When hit with the stomach flu, replenishing fluids is a top priority.

Beverages aren’t the only option for hydration. In fact, many fruits are 80–90% water. The following are some of the fruits highest in water (37Trusted Source, 38Trusted Source, 39Trusted Source, 40Trusted Source):

watermelon

strawberries

cantaloupe

peaches

Fruits also provide an abundance of vitamins and minerals, such as potassium and vitamins A and C (41Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Eating fruit can help replenish fluids when you have the stomach flu, which is a top priority.

Food and drinks to avoid

Some foods and beverages may worsen nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and other stomach flu symptoms. Consider avoiding the following:

Caffeinated beverages. Caffeinecan impair sleep quality, which may hinder recovery. Also, coffee stimulates your digestion and may worsen diarrhea (42Trusted Source, 43Trusted Source).

High-fat and fried foods. High-fat foods are more difficult to digest and may lead to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (29Trusted Source, 44Trusted Source).

Spicy foods. Spicy foods may trigger nausea and vomiting in some people (29Trusted Source).

Sugary foods and beverages. High amounts of sugarmay worsen diarrhea, especially in children (45).

Milk and milk products. When sick with the stomach flu, some people have issues digesting lactose, a protein in milk and milk products (46Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Caffeine, dairy, and overly sweet, spicy, or fatty foods and drinks may aggravate stomach flu symptoms.

The bottom line

When faced with the stomach flu, it can be difficult to keep food and beverages down.

Ice chips, clear liquids, and electrolyte beverages are good places to start, as they can help replenish fluids and electrolytes.

Until you’re able to tolerate your usual diet, bland options like soups, refined grains, and plain potatoes are safe. Eggs, fruit, and low-fat poultry may also be easier to digest.

Allowing your body to rest, staying hydrated, and trying some of the foods on this list may help you recover more quickly when the stomach flu strikes.

Abdominal pain and diarrhea happening at the same time can have a variety of causes. These can include indigestion, a viral infection such as stomach flu, or an intestinal disease.

It’s important to pinpoint the cause of your symptoms. That will determine which medications, home remedies, and tips you can try to help treat and prevent abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Abdominal pain is pain that you feel between your chest and pelvis. Abdominal pain can be cramp-like, achy, dull, or sharp. It’s often called a stomachache. Diarrhea is characterized by stool that’s loose, bloody, or fatty. You may feel like you need to go to the bathroom frequently. Diarrhea sometimes accompanies abdominal pain.

Causes of abdominal pain and diarrhea

Most people occasionally experience abdominal pain and diarrhea for a short time. Changes to your diet, consuming too much alcohol, and indigestion may cause these symptoms.

Frequent, constant, or severe abdominal pain and diarrhea may indicate a disease or a more serious medical issue. Diarrhea that gets progressively worse and is bloody can also be a sign of a more serious issue. Possible causes of abdominal pain and diarrhea include:

stomach flu

food poisoning

food allergies

premenstrual syndrome

irritable bowel syndrome, a common disorder affecting the digestive system

diverticulitis

lactose intolerance, or the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and some other dairy products

impacted bowel

intestinal obstruction

colitis

appendicitis

West Nile virus

parasites, like giardiasis, amebiasis, or hookworm

bacterial infection, like shigellosis or E. coli

drug allergies

celiac disease

Crohn’s disease

cystic fibrosis

stress and anxiety

some forms of cancer

Causes of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea

Indigestion, stomach flu, and food poisoning are common causes of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea. In these cases, your symptoms will last for less than 4 days and often get better without medical treatment.

Other causes of abdominal pain and diarrhea

Infections or diseases that affect the organs in your abdomen can also cause pain with diarrhea. Organs in the abdomen include your:

intestines

kidneys

appendix

spleen

stomach

gallbladder

liver

pancreas

The above conditions and disorders can cause inflammation in different parts of your digestive tract, like the stomach and intestines. When your digestive system is inflamed, you might have cramps and trouble with typical digestive processes. This usually results in abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Abdominal pain and diarrhea that last for more than a week or keep coming back may be a sign of an intestinal disease or disorder. Talk with your doctor if you’ve experienced these symptoms for more than a week or on a reoccurring basis.

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What does diarrhea, cough & headache for 1 month not responding to antibiotic - Dr. Sanjay Gupta

Causes of abdominal pain and diarrhea in children

Like adults, children often experience abdominal pain and diarrhea because of stomach flu, infections, food allergies, lactose intolerance, or stress. But eating too much can also cause these symptoms.

Some children may have trouble telling the difference between when they’re hungry and when they’re full. This can cause them to overeat. Overeating puts stress on the digestive system, which can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Causes of abdominal pain and diarrhea in pregnant people

Pregnant people are especially prone to abdominal pain and diarrhea. One common reason is that many people make changes to their diet when they find out they’re pregnant. This can cause digestive trouble.

If you’re pregnant, you may also start having sensitivities to particular foods. This can include foods you eat on a regular basis, resulting in abdominal pain and diarrhea. On top of that, hormone changes in your reproductive system that occur during pregnancy may also cause these symptoms.

When to seek medical help

Seek medical help if you’re having abdominal pain and diarrhea that last for 3 days, if the pain grows increasingly worse over a 24-hour period, or if it’s accompanied by any of these symptoms:

frequent nausea or vomiting

a sustained fever of 101°F (38.3°C) for adults or 100.4°F (38°C) for children

stool that contains blood or dried blood, which looks like wet coffee grounds

an inability to keep food down

extreme thirst or dry mouth

an inability to speak or see

mental confusion or loss of consciousness

yellowing of the skin or eyes

seizures

swelling of the genitals

external bleeding

Diarrhea can be more dangerous for infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. In these cases, discuss symptoms with a doctor.

If you don’t have a primary care doctor, you can browse doctors in your area through the Healthline FindCare tool.

Diagnosing abdominal pain and diarrhea

To determine the cause of abdominal pain and diarrhea, a doctor will first perform a physical exam. They’ll also ask some questions about your health history and lifestyle.

Traveling to certain countries may increase your risk of digestive disease. Be sure to mention any recent trips overseas. The doctor will also ask questions about any recent changes in your diet.

A doctor may perform a stool culture, in which they’ll send a sample of your feces to a lab to check for bacteria, viruses, and parasites. If this comes up negative, they may run a more complete analysis of your feces to look for possible digestive disorders.

Other common diagnostic tests include:

Endoscopy. In an endoscopy, a doctor sends a camera down your throat and into your stomach to check for problems, such as ulcers and signs of celiac disease.

Colonoscopy. A colonoscopy involves sending a camera into the rectum and intestines to check for signs of damage and signs of disease, such as ulcers and polyps.

Lower GI (gastrointestinal) tract radiography. In a lower GI tract radiography, also known as a barium enema, a technician will perform a real-time X-ray of the abdomen. This occurs after the doctor injects a barium-based contrast material into the rectum that can highlight intestinal obstructions and other conditions.

How are abdominal pain and diarrhea treated?

Medication can help treat the underlying condition causing your abdominal pain and diarrhea. If your symptoms are caused by stress or need to be managed, home remedies can help.

Medical treatments

The type of medical treatment you’ll receive for your abdominal pain and diarrhea depends on the underlying condition causing your symptoms. Treatments for some of the more common causes of these symptoms include:

antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, including food poisoning

prescription allergy medications

antidepressants to treat stress and anxiety

prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat PMS

antiparasitic drugs to kill parasites

Home remedies

It’s important for people having abdominal pain and diarrhea to stay hydrated. Drink plenty of clear liquids, such as water, juice, and broth. Avoid caffeine and alcohol.

As bowel movements become more regular, eat small amounts of low fiber, mild foods. These types of foods include plain toast, rice, and eggs. Avoid spicy, high fat, and high fiber foods. They can worsen inflammation in the digestive system.

Probiotics may help your digestive system heal. Natural probiotics are found in foods such as yogurt. Probiotic supplements are also available.

Many over-the-counter (OTC) medications and herbal supplements can ease stomach pain and diarrhea caused by infections or indigestion. Herbal supplements that some people find helpful include:

bilberry

ginger

lemon balm

chamomile

Consult with a pharmacist or your doctor for advice on their use. Always follow package instructions when taking OTC medications.

To cope with stress and anxiety, try meditation. Yoga, deep breathing, and other relaxation techniques may help. You may also want to try talking with a therapist.

How can I prevent abdominal pain and diarrhea?

Not all conditions that cause abdominal pain and diarrhea can be prevented. Follow these meal tips to help prevent indigestion and stomach upset:

Eat a well-balanced diet.

Limit alcohol.

Limit spicy and fatty foods.

Drink plenty of water.

Washing your hands frequently can prevent some viral infections that cause these symptoms.

Practice good hygiene when preparing food. Wash kitchen work surfaces frequently and store food properly.

People traveling may experience traveler’s diarrhea and stomachache. A bacterial or viral infection caused by contaminated food or water is the usual cause.

When traveling in areas with different sanitation standards, be careful about what you eat and drink. Avoid tap water, ice cubes, and raw foods, including peeled fruits and vegetables.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists disease warnings and travel advisories on its travel health website. Consult this list as well as your doctor before traveling abroad.

Vomiting and diarrhea are common symptoms that affect people of all ages, from babies and toddlers to adults.

Most of the time, these two symptoms are the result of a stomach bug or food poisoning, and they resolve within a few days. Getting some rest and drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration is usually the only treatment needed.

Though a virus is usually the culprit, there are other possible causes of vomiting and diarrhea at the same time, such as certain medical conditions and medications.

Causes of vomiting and diarrhea at the same time

Vomiting and diarrhea can happen at the same time for a number of reasons.

A stomach virus or bacterial gastrointestinal (GI) infection is the most likely cause in children.

These infections can affect adults as well. But there are a number of other reasons why an adult may experience these symptoms simultaneously, such as drinking too much alcohol or being pregnant.

1. Viral gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection. Viral gastroenteritis is often referred to as the stomach flu, but it’s unrelated to influenza (the flu) and is caused by different viruses.

The viruses that most commonly cause gastroenteritis include:

norovirus

rotavirus

adenovirus

astrovirus

While all of these viruses can affect people of any age, the latter three are most common in infants and toddlers, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesTrusted Source.

These viruses are transmitted from person to person by contact with infected stool and vomit. This can happen when a person with the infection doesn’t wash their hands thoroughly after using the restroom and then touches surfaces used by other people or prepares food for others.

In addition to vomiting and watery diarrhea, symptoms of viral gastroenteritis include:

abdominal pain and cramping

nausea

fever, on occasion

DID YOU KNOW?

There are several types of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

One type is known as post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). PI-IBS is caused by an infection (usually gastroenteritis).

One large survey, published in 2018, asked thousands of people with IBS about their experiences. Data was collected between 2008 and 2015. Respondents came from countries around the world, with almost half of them being Italian.

The researchers found that infection may have caused IBS in 13.3 percent of respondents. According to the researchers, this statistic was in line with previous surveys, where PI-IBS was reported to comprise 6 to 17 percent of IBS cases.

2. Food poisoning

Food poisoning is an infection of the GI tract. It’s most often caused by bacteria but can also be caused by parasites or viruses.

You can get food poisoning by eating contaminated food. This can happen at home or in restaurants when food is handled incorrectly or not cooked properly.

Several bacteria can cause food poisoning, including:

E. coli

Campylobacter

Listeria monocytogenes

Salmonella

Shigella

Staphylococcus aureus

Symptoms of food poisoning can start within hours of eating contaminated food and often resolve within a few hours to a few days. This usually happens without special treatment.

Vomiting and watery diarrhea are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms include:

abdominal pain and cramping

nausea

fever

bloody diarrhea

3. Traveler’s diarrhea

Traveler’s diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that’s most often caused by viruses, parasites, or bacteria consumed in water or food. It’s most likely to occur when you’re visiting an area with a different climate or sanitation practices than what you’re accustomed to at home.

What should I do if my baby has diarrhea?

To see if there’s a health notice for the regions to which you’ve recently traveled, check the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Traveler’s diarrhea generally clears up within 1 week. Watery diarrhea and cramps are the most common symptoms, but traveler’s diarrhea can also cause:

nausea

fever

flatulence (gas)

bloating

tenesmus, or the urgent need to have a bowel movement

4. Stress or anxiety

Research shows that gastrointestinal function is influenced by stress, and that stress and anxiety commonly cause a number of gastrointestinal symptoms, including:

nausea

constipation

indigestion

heartburn

The stress hormones released by your body slow motility, or movement, in your stomach and small intestine. They also trigger an increase in motility in your large intestine.

Stress and anxiety have also been linked to the development and worsening of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

5. Pregnancy

The body goes through numerous changes during pregnancy.

Morning sickness is the most common cause of vomiting in pregnancy. Despite its name, morning sickness can occur at any time of the day. It affects almost 75 percent of pregnant women, usually during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy.

Some people develop hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition that causes severe nausea and vomiting.

Vomiting and diarrhea in pregnancy can be caused by hormonal changes, new food sensitivities, and dietary changes. Prenatal vitamins also cause diarrhea in some people.

These symptoms can also be caused by gastroenteritis, which is common during pregnancy.

6. Overeating or overdrinking

Overindulging in food or drink can cause vomiting and diarrhea along with:

indigestion

heartburn

belching

a feeling of uncomfortable fullness

The type of food you eat also matters. Eating large amounts of greasy or sugary foods can irritate your stomach and cause vomiting and diarrhea.

Overeating is even more likely to cause these symptoms if you already have a gastrointestinal condition, such as IBS, stomach ulcers, acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

The relationship between alcohol and the gut is complex. Some types of alcohol, including sugary drinks, can cause diarrhea by inducing a quicker gut transit time. This decreases digestion, as the gut doesn’t have time to absorb the nutrients or other substances that are rapidly passing through it.

Excessive alcohol use can cause a condition known as alcoholic gastritis, which is an irritation of the stomach lining. Acute gastritis can occur after binge drinking, or gastritis can become chronic in people who drink alcohol regularly.

Gastritis can cause:

upper abdominal pain or burning

nausea

bloating

regurgitation

symptoms that improve or worsen after eating, depending on the food

7. Medications

Vomiting and diarrhea are side effects of many medications. Some are more likely to cause these symptoms than others. This can be because of the way the medication works or because they contain additives that irritate the stomach.

Your age, overall health, and other medications can also increase the risk of side effects.

Medications that commonly cause vomiting and diarrhea include:

certain antibiotics

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and aspirin

chemotherapy drugs

metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza)

One way antibiotics can cause vomiting and diarrhea is by killing the “good” bacteria that normally lives in your GI tract. This allows bacteria called Clostridioides difficile to become overgrown, which can result in symptoms similar to severe food poisoning.

Taking medication with food can sometimes relieve symptoms. Speak with a doctor about the best way to take your medication.

Vomiting and diarrhea without fever

Vomiting and diarrhea that occur without a fever can be caused by:

stress and anxiety

pregnancy

medications

consuming too much food or alcohol

Mild cases of viral gastroenteritis can also cause vomiting and diarrhea without fever.

Dehydration and other risks

Dehydration is a complication of vomiting and diarrhea, and it occurs when the body loses too much fluid. Dehydration can prevent your cells, tissues, and organs from functioning properly, leading to serious complications, including shock and even death.

Mild dehydration can be treated at home, but severe dehydration requires emergency care in a hospital.

Symptoms of dehydration in babies, toddlers, and children include:

thirst

urinating less than usual, or going 3 or more hours without a wet diaper

dry mouth

sunken eyes or cheeks

decreased skin turgor, or elasticity

lack of energy

no tears when crying

Symptoms in adults include:

extreme thirst

urinating less than usual

dry mouth

sunken eyes or cheeks

decreased skin turgor

fatigue

lightheadedness

dark-colored urine

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Vomiting and diarrhea treatment

Most of the time, vomiting and diarrhea will resolve within a few days without treatment. Home remedies and medications can help you manage your symptoms and avoid dehydration.

Home remedies

Here are some ways you can treat vomiting and diarrhea at home to avoid dehydration:

Get plenty of rest.

Avoid stress.

Wash your hands with soap and water frequently.

Drink lots of clear fluids like water, broth, clear sodas, and sports drinks.

Eat saltine crackers.

Follow the BRAT diet, which consists of bland foods. BRAT stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.

Avoid foods that are greasy, spicy, or high in fat and sugar.

Avoid dairy.

Avoid caffeine.

Follow this advice if you have babies or toddlers:

Give your baby smaller feedings more often if needed.

Give sips of water between formula or solid food.

Give them an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte.

Medications

There are over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications available for vomiting and diarrhea. While generally safe for adults, OTC medications should not be taken without first consulting a doctor.

OTC medications include:

How do I tell the difference between diarrhea and poop from a 3 week old breastfed baby?

bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate)

loperamide (Imodium)

antiemetic drugs, such as Dramamine and Gravol, which often contain the ingredient dimenhydrinate

A doctor may recommend antibiotics to treat vomiting and diarrhea caused by bacterial infections, such as food poisoning.

When to see a doctor

When you’re experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, your aim should be to get some sustenance and avoid dehydration.

If an infection like gastroenteritis is causing your symptoms, start by trying home remedies. In other cases, professional medical care may be required.

For children

Take a child to the doctor if they:

are vomiting for more than 2 days or have diarrhea for more than 7 days

are unable to keep fluid down

are under 3 months old with a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C)

are 3 months to 3 years old with a temperature of 102.2°F (39°C)

are under 5 years old and appear to have symptoms of dehydration, such as:

dry mucous membranes

drowsiness

irritability that doesn’t go away when they’re consoled

It’s especially important to contact a doctor about possible dehydration if the child is too young to describe their own symptoms.

When to go to the emergency room

Take a child to the emergency room if they:

have symptoms of dehydration after using an oral rehydration solution

have green or yellow vomit, which can be a symptom of small bowel obstruction

are vomiting blood or what looks like coffee grounds

have blood in their urine or stool

are too weak to stand

For adults

See a doctor if:

you’re still dehydrated after rehydrating with fluids and an oral hydration solution

you are vomiting for more than 2 days or have diarrhea for more than 7 days

your vomit is green or yellow, which can be a symptom of small bowel obstruction

you’re vomiting blood or what looks like coffee grounds

you have bloody diarrhea or rectal bleeding

you’re unable to keep fluid down

The takeaway

Most of the time, vomiting and diarrhea are due to a stomach bug or food poisoning and clear up on their own within a few days. Getting plenty of fluids and eating a bland diet can help.

Keep an eye out for signs of dehydration, especially in infants and toddlers who are not able to communicate what they’re feeling. Talk with a doctor if you have, or your child has, severe symptoms or symptoms that last more than a few days.

Diarrhea, or watery stools, can be embarrassing and strike at the worst times, such as during a vacation or special event.

But while diarrhea often improves on its own within two to three days, a few remedies can help promote firmer stools faster.

Keep reading to learn about five fast-acting methods, along with what typically causes diarrhea and prevention tips.

1. Anti-diarrheal medication

Some people see diarrhea as nothing more than a mild nuisance and let it run its course, especially since some bouts lasts less than 24 hours.

You might stay close to home or a bathroom, and load up on fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration.

But what if you can’t stay home?

In this case, taking an anti-diarrheal medication may reduce or completely eliminate loose stools after the first dose. Look for over-the-counter products like Imodium or Pepto-Bismol, which have the ingredients loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate, respectively.

The active ingredient in Imodium works swiftly because it slows the movement of fluid through the intestines. This can quickly restore normal bowel function. Pepto-Bismol, on the other hand, helps kill diarrhea-causing bacteria in your intestines.

2. Rice water

Rice water is another fast, effective remedy for diarrhea. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes, or until the water becomes cloudy.

Strain the rice and preserve the water for consumption. Rice water not only provides your body with fluid to prevent dehydration, it can also reduce the duration of diarrhea. Rice water has a binding effect in the digestive tract, resulting in firmer, bulkier stools.

3. Probiotics

Taking a probiotic supplement or eating probiotic foods like some brands of yogurt may also stop diarrhea.

Sometimes, diarrhea results from an imbalance of bacteria in the gut. Probiotics help restore balance by providing a higher level of good bacteria. This can promote normal bowel function and shorten the duration of diarrhea.

4. Antibiotics

Diarrhea from bacteria or a parasite may need an antibiotic. In this case, diarrhea can occur after coming in contact with contaminated food or water, often while traveling.

Keep in mind that antibiotics are ineffective when viral infections cause diarrhea. This type of diarrhea must run its course.

5. BRAT diet

A diet known as BRAT may also quickly relieve diarrhea.

BRAT stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. This diet is effective due to the bland nature of these foods, and the fact that they’re starchy, low-fiber foods.

These foods have a binding effect in the digestive tract to make stools bulkier. And since they’re bland, they’re less likely to irritate your stomach or worsen diarrhea.

Along with these items, you could also eat (similarly bland) saltine crackers, clear broth, and potatoes.

WERBUNG

What typically causes diarrhea?

Understanding the cause of diarrhea can help you avoid future bouts. Common causes include:

Stomach virus

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) is one cause of diarrhea. Along with watery stools, you may have:

stomach pain

nausea

vomiting

low-grade fever

These viruses include norovirus and rotavirus, which can develop after eating or drinking contaminated food, or sharing personal items with an infected person.

Medication

Sensitivity to certain medications can also trigger bouts of diarrhea. This may happen after taking antibiotics, pain relievers, or cancer-fighting drugs.

Foodborne illness

Also called food poisoning, diarrhea can develop if you eat food contaminated by bacteria, parasites, or toxins. Food-borne illnesses can include those caused by the following bacteria:

Salmonella

E. coli

Listeria monocytogenes

Clostridium botulinum (botulism)

Food allergy or sensitivity

If you’re lactose intolerant, diarrhea may develop after eating dairy products. These include milk, cheese, ice cream, and yogurt.

Having a food allergy or sensitivity may also trigger diarrhea. For example, you may have diarrhea after eating foods containing gluten — wheat, pasta, or rye.

Artificial sweeteners

This is a lesser known cause of diarrhea. But if you’re sensitive to artificial sweeteners, you may have a bout of diarrhea after eating foods or drinks containing these sweeteners. Artificial sweeteners are found in diet drinks, sugar-free products, chewing gum, and even some candy.

Digestive problems

Diarrhea is sometimes a symptom of digestive disorders. You might have frequent bouts of loose stools if you’re diagnosed with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Also, irritable bowel syndrome can cause alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation.

Tips to prevent diarrhea

Diarrhea caused by a virus or bacterial infection is contagious. You can protect yourself by:

washing your hands frequently

avoiding sick people

disinfecting commonly touched surfaces

not sharing personal items

If you have diarrhea after starting a new medication, ask your doctor about an alternative drug or possibly lowering your dosage.

You can also protect yourself by thoroughly cooking food and washing fruits and vegetables before preparing. Also, make sure you know the proper way to wash your hands.

Use warm, soapy water and wash your hands for at least 20 seconds. If water isn’t available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

To identify possible food allergies or sensitivities, keep a food journal and write down everything you eat for a few weeks. Make a note of days that you have diarrhea.

Keeping a food journal can help determine whether you have a lactose intolerance or a gluten sensitivity. You can then try an elimination diet. Remove suspected problem foods from your diet and see if your symptoms improve.

For a digestive disorder, talk to your doctor if you feel that your current therapy isn’t working. You may need to adjust your medication.

When to see a doctor?

See a doctor for diarrhea that lasts longer than three days, or if you show signs of dehydration. This can include extreme thirst, decreased urination, and dizziness.

You should also see a doctor if you have:

a fever above 102°F (38.9°C)

bloody or black stools

abdominal pain

The bottom line

Diarrhea can come and go within 24 hours. Or it can last for days and disrupt your plans. But between medication, low-fiber foods, and avoiding foods that irritate your digestive system — such as dairy or artificial sweeteners — you can quickly relieve symptoms and enjoy diarrhea-free days.

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What Causes Toddler's Diarrhea? Lactose Intolerance or Fructose Malabsorption?

OverviewUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsInteractionsDosing

Overview

Flax is a food and fiber crop that grows in Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean. Flaxseeds are the golden yellow to reddish brown seeds of flax. These seeds contain phytoestrogens, which are similar to the hormone estrogen, as well as soluble fiber and oil. Flaxseed oil contains the essential omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Flaxseed has been eaten as a food or used as a medicine since 5000 BC.

People use flaxseed by mouth for constipation, colon damage due to overuse of laxatives, diarrhea, inflammation of the lining of the large intestine (diverticulitis), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or irritable colon, sores in the lining of the large intestine (ulcerative colitis), inflammation of the lining of the stomach (gastritis), and inflammation of the small intestine (enteritis).

People also take flaxseed by mouth used for disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including heart disease, high triglyceride levels, high cholesterol, "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis), high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, and metabolic syndrome.

Flaxseed is also taken by mouth for acne, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), kidney problems in people with a disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), symptoms of menopause, breast pain, diabetes, obesity and weight loss, HIV/AIDS, depression, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, sore throat, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), and cough, bladder inflammation, enlarged prostate, osteoporosis, and to protect against breast cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer. It is also taken by mouth to prevent problems associated with hemodialysis treatment.

Flaxseed is sometimes applied to the skin for acne, burns, boils, eczema, psoriasis, and to soothe inflammation.

Flaxseed is used in the eye to help remove debris from the eye.

How does it work?

Flaxseed is a good source of dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The fiber in flaxseed is found primarily in the seed coat. Taken before a meal, flaxseed fiber seems to make people feel less hungry, so that they might eat less food. Researchers believe this fiber binds with cholesterol in the intestine and prevents it from being absorbed. Flaxseed also seems to make platelets, the blood cells involved in clotting, less sticky. Overall, flaxseed's effects on cholesterol and blood clotting may lower the risk of "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis).

Flaxseed is sometimes tried for cancer because it is broken down by the body into chemicals called "lignans". Lignans are similar to the female hormone estrogen - so similar, in fact, that they compete with estrogen for a part in certain chemical reactions. As a result, natural estrogens seem to become less powerful in the body. Some researchers believe that lignans may be able to slow down the progress of certain breast cancers and other types of cancers that need estrogen to thrive.

For systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), flaxseed is thought to improve kidney function by decreasing the thickness of blood, reducing cholesterol levels, and reducing swelling.

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for...

Diabetes. Research shows that taking 600 mg of a specific flaxseed product (Flax Essence, Jarrow Formulas) three times daily for 3 months lowers hemoglobin A1C, a measure of average blood sugar level, in people with type 2 diabetes. But this dosage doesn't seem to lower fasting blood sugars or insulin levels. However, other research shows that taking 10 grams of flaxseed powder per day for one month can reduce fasting blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. Also, taking 26-40 grams of flaxseed per day for 3 months can reduce fasting blood sugar levels in overweight people with glucose-intolerance. However, taking flaxseed does not seem to lower fasting blood sugar, insulin levels, or blood fats in people with type 2 diabetes that is already well controlled.

High cholesterol. Research shows that various flaxseed preparations, including ground flaxseed, partially defatted flaxseed, flaxseed extract, and flaxseed bread and muffins, seem to reduce total cholesterol by 5% to 15% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol by 8% to 18% in people with normal cholesterol levels, as well as in men and pre-menopausal women with high cholesterol. However, there is some conflicting evidence. Some research shows that flaxseed does not improve LDL cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women with normal or high cholesterol. It also does not seem to decrease total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol in people with mildly high cholesterol compared to following a cholesterol-lowering diet. Also taking flaxseed daily for 4 weeks in muffins and breads does not reduce total or LDL cholesterol in children with a family history of high cholesterol. The differences in effectiveness might be related to the form of flaxseed used as well as variations in the severity of cholesterol levels in the people studied.

High blood pressure. Research suggests that taking flaxseed or its oil, lignans or fiber, can reduce blood pressure. Also, eating milled flaxseed in bread daily for 6 months seems to reduce blood pressure in people with narrowed blood vessels and high blood pressure.

Autoimmune disorder (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE). Taking whole or ground flaxseed by mouth seems to improve kidney function in people with SLE.

Possibly Ineffective for...

Osteoporosis. Research shows that consuming 40 grams of ground flaxseed daily for up to one year does not improve bone density in women. Similar findings were found for older men and women who took flaxseed extract.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPH). Early research shows that taking 300 to 600 mg of a specific flaxseed product (BeneFlax, Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, IL) daily for 4 months reduces urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH and improves quality of life.

Breast cancer. Early research shows that eating a muffin containing 25 grams of ground flaxseed daily for about 40 days reduces tumor cell growth in women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. However, it is unclear if this effect significantly improves overall breast cancer outcomes. Also, there is inconsistent evidence regarding the effects of dietary flaxseed on breast cancer development.

Heart disease. Population research suggests that dietary intake of lignans, which are found in flaxseed and other foods, does not reduce the risk of heart disease.

Colorectal cancer. Research on the effect of flaxseed on colorectal cancer risk is inconsistent. Some research shows that consumption of lignans, which are in flaxseed, is not associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. However, other research suggests that it is.

Constipation. Flaxseed is a good source of dietary fiber. Eating flaxseed-containing muffins seems to increase bowel movements in young adults, while eating yogurt containing flaxseed, prunes, and a specific galacto-oligosaccharide (Elixor, Borculo Whey Products, the Netherlands) seems to increase bowel movements in elderly people. But it's not clear if these effects are from the flaxseed or other ingredients of these products.

Endometrial cancer. Research suggests that blood levels of lignans, which are found in flaxseed and other foods, are not associated with endometrial cancer risk.

A treatment for kidney failure called hemodialysis. Hemodialysis often results in abnormal cholesterol levels and inflammation. Early research suggests that taking ground flaxseed twice daily for 8 weeks during hemodialysis reduces total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol. Flaxseed also seems to reduce inflammation in people on hemodialysis.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Early research shows that taking 24 grams of whole or ground flaxseed daily for 4 weeks does not improve quality of life or the severity of symptoms in people with IBS.

Lung cancer. Early research suggests that people who eat more phytoestrogens, such as those found in flaxseed, might have a lower risk of developing lung cancer than those who eat less.

Breast pain (mastalgia). ). Early research shows that eating a flaxseed muffin daily for 3 months reduces breast pain associated with the start of the menstrual cycle.

Menopausal symptoms. It is not clear if flaxseed works for reducing symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes. Some research shows that taking a specific flaxseed extract (Biogalenica, Medicinal Compounding Pharmacy) for 6 months reduces symptoms and hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Also, some research shows that consuming ground flaxseed reduces menopausal symptoms similarly to hormone therapy. But other studies show that it does not work any better than taking a sugar pill. The difference in effectiveness might be due to the dose of flaxseed used.

Metabolic syndrome (a condition that increases risk for diabetes and heart disease). Evidence on the use of flaxseed for metabolic syndrome is inconsistent. Early research shows that taking a specific flaxseed extract (BeneFlax, Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur IL) daily for 6 months reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome. But other research shows that taking flaxseed does not improve markers of metabolic syndrome in people also following lifestyle modifications compared to those who just follow lifestyle modifications.

Obesity. Some early research suggests that taking flaxseed fiber 2 hours before a meal helps reduce appetite and the number of calories eaten during a meal. But other research suggests that consuming ground flaxseed daily for 12 weeks does not reduce body weight, waist circumference or body mass index in obese adults.

Prostate cancer. Early research suggests that taking ground flaxseed (Alena, Enreco, Manitowoc, WI) and following a low-fat diet can lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a marker for prostate cancer, in men who have a precancerous prostate condition. However, in men who have prostate cancer, adding flaxseed to the diet does not lower PSA, but it does seem to lower levels of the hormone testosterone and slow the rate at which cancer cells multiply.

Acne.

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) .

Bladder inflammation.

Burns and boils.

Damage to colon from laxatives.

Diverticulitis.

Eczema.

HIV/AIDS.

Scaly, itchy skin (psoriasis).

Stomach upset.

Skin irritation.

Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate of flaxseed for these uses.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

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Side Effects

Flaxseed is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when taken by mouth appropriately. Adding flaxseed to the diet might increase the number of bowel movements each day. It might also cause gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as bloating, gas, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, stomachache, and nausea. Higher doses are likely to cause more GI side effects.

There is some concern that taking large amounts of flaxseed could block the intestines due to the bulk-forming laxative effects of flaxseed. Flaxseed should be taken with plenty of water to prevent this from happening.

Taking flaxseed extracts that contain lignans in concentrated form is POSSIBLY SAFE. Lignans are the chemicals in flaxseed that are thought to be responsible for many of the effects. Some clinical research shows that a specific flaxseed lignan extract (Flax Essence, Jarrow Formulas) can be safely used for up to 12 weeks. Other research shows that other flaxseed extracts can be used safely for up to 6 months.

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Products that contain partially defatted flaxseed, which is flaxseed with less alpha-linolenic acid content, are available. Some men choose these products because they have heard that alpha-linolenic acid might raise their risk of getting prostate cancer. It's important to remember that the source of the alpha-linolenic acid is key. Alpha-linolenic acid from dairy and meat sources has been positively associated with prostate cancer. However, alpha-linolenic acid from plant sources, such as flaxseed, does not seem to affect prostate cancer risk. Men should not worry about getting alpha-linoleic acid from flaxseed. On the other hand, there is a concern that partially defatted flaxseed might raise triglyceride levels too much. Triglycerides are a type of blood fat.

Taking raw or unripe flaxseed by mouth is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Flaxseed in these forms is thought to be poisonous.

Special Precautions & Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Taking flaxseed by mouth during pregnancy is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Flaxseed can act like the hormone estrogen. Some healthcare providers worry that this might harm the pregnancy, although to date there is no reliable clinical evidence about the effects of flaxseed on pregnancy outcomes. There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking flaxseed if you are breast feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Bleeding disorders: Flaxseed might slow clotting. This raises the concern that it could increase the risk of bleeding in people with bleeding disorders. Don't use it, if you have a bleeding disorder.

Diabetes: There is some evidence that flaxseed can lower blood sugar levels and might increase the blood sugar-lowering effects of some medicines used for diabetes. There is a concern that blood sugar could drop too low. If you have diabetes and use flaxseed, monitor your blood sugar levels closely.

Gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction: People with a bowel obstruction, a narrowed esophagus (the tube between the throat and the stomach), or an inflamed (swollen) intestine should avoid flaxseed. The high fiber content of flaxseed might make the obstruction worse.

Hormone-sensitive cancers or conditions: Because flaxseed might act somewhat like the hormone estrogen, there is some concern that flaxseed might make hormone-sensitive conditions worse. Some of these conditions include breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer; endometriosis; and uterine fibroids. However, some early laboratory and animal research suggests that flaxseed might actually oppose estrogen and might be protective against hormone-dependent cancer. Still, until more is known, avoid excessive use of flaxseed if you have a hormone-sensitive condition.

High blood pressure (hypertension): Flaxseeds might lower diastolic blood pressure. Theoretically, taking flaxseeds might cause blood pressure to become too low in individuals with high blood pressure who are taking blood pressure-lowering medication.

High triglyceride levels (hypertriglyceridemia): Partially defatted flaxseed (flaxseed with less alpha linolenic acid content) might increase triglyceride levels. If your triglyceride levels are too high, don't take flaxseed.

Low blood pressure (hypotension): Flaxseeds might lower diastolic blood pressure. Theoretically, taking flaxseeds might cause blood pressure to become too low in individuals with low blood pressure.

Interactions

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

There is some evidence that flaxseed might interfere with the body's ability to take in and use acetaminophen. It's not known, though, whether this interaction is important.

Antibiotic drugsInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Bacteria in the intestine convert some of the chemicals in flaxseed into lignans, which are thought to be responsible for many of the possible benefits of flaxseed. However, because antibiotics kill these bacteria, lignans might not be formed as usual. This might alter the effects of flaxseed.

EstrogensInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Flaxseed can act like the female hormone estrogen. It can compete with estrogens that are included in birth control pills and hormone replacement treatments. Healthcare providers are concerned that flaxseed might make these estrogen-containing drugs less effective.

Furosemide (Lasix)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

There is some evidence that flaxseed might interfere with the body's ability to take in and use furosemide. It's not known, though, whether this interaction is important.

Ketoprofen (Orudis, Oruvail)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

There is some evidence that flaxseed might interfere with the body's ability to take in and use ketoprofen. It's not known, though, whether this interaction is important.

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some evidence suggests that flaxseed can lower blood sugar levels. Diabetes medications are also used to lower blood sugar. Taking flaxseed along with diabetes medications might cause your blood sugar to become too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.

Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, metformin (Glucophage), pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.

Medications taken by mouth (Oral drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Flaxseed can act like a laxative. There is some concern that it might interfere with the body's ability to absorb medications taken by mouth because it might sweep them out of the digestive tract too quickly. To avoid this problem, take medications an hour before or two hours after taking flaxseed.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Flaxseed might slow blood clotting. Taking flaxseed along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.

Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Metoprolol (Toprol)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

There is some evidence that flaxseed might interfere with the body's ability to take in and use metoprolol. It's not known, though, if this interaction is important.

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Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:

For diabetes: 10-40 grams of ground flaxseed have been taken daily for 4-12 weeks. A 600 mg dose of a specific flaxseed lignan extract (Flax Essence, Jarrow Formulas) has been taken three times daily for 12 weeks.

For high cholesterol: Supplements containing 15-40 grams of ground flaxseed have been taken daily for 1 to 3 months. Bread containing 15-50 grams of ground flaxseed have been taken daily for 4 week to 3 months. Muffins containing 25-40 grams of ground flaxseed or 50 grams of flaxseed meal have been taken daily for 3 weeks to one year. Also, buns, snack bars, bagels, pasta, or tea biscuits containing 30 grams of ground flaxseed have been taken daily for one year. 30 grams of a specific powdered flaxseed product (Alena, Enreco, Manitowoc, WI) have been sprinkled into foods or drinks daily for 6 months. A specific flaxseed lignan extract (BeneFlax, Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, IL) has been taken daily for 6 weeks to 6 months. A 600 mg dose of another specific flaxseed lignan extract (Flax Essence, Jarrow Formulas Inc., Los Angeles, CA) has been taken three times daily for 12 weeks.

For high blood pressure: 30 grams of milled flaxseed has been added to foods such as bagels, muffins, bars, buns, pasta, and tea biscuits taken daily for 6 months.

For an autoimmune disorder called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): 15-45 grams of whole flaxseed has been taken daily in one to three divided doses for up to one year. Also, 30 grams of ground flaxseed has been taken daily for up to one year.

Benefits of flaxseed? Advantages of flax seeds? Health benefits of flaxseed? What is flaxseed good for? Benefits and side effects of Flaxseed

Benefits and side effects of FlaxseedIn this post we will try to give  Benefits and side effects of Flaxseed (pros and cons of flax seeds). The benefits of flaxseed are an excellent source of nutritious fiber. It also contains minerals and vegetable proteins such as flaxseed manganese, thiamine and magnesium. Flaxseed is the richest vegetable source in terms of omega 3 fatty acids, called alpha linolinic acid (or ALA) worldwide. Another unique fact about flaxseed is that people are the number one source of lignan in their diet. Flaxseed contains about seven times more lignan than sesame oil that closely follows it.

What Are the Benefits of Flax Seed?

We will first give Pros part for “Health benefits and side effects of Flaxseed”.

“ Flaxseed ”, which has gained popularity due to its strong, nutritious and healing effects worldwide , is actually a known healing source for many years. It can be consumed as seeds, pills and oil.

Flaxseed is very useful in living a healthy and balanced life . Flaxseed has been proven to reduce the risk of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, heart attack. In addition, it helps ” lose weight fast ” and has a lowering effect on ” cholesterol ” level.

The benefits of flaxseed are listed below, and you can find detailed explanations and scientific research results later in our article.

Pros of Flaxseed:

Flaxseed lowers the risk of heart diseases.

It reduces the risk of stroke.

Flaxseed regulates cholesterol level.

It gives a feeling of satiety.

Flaxseed helps to lose weight.

It prevents obesity.

Flaxseed reduces the symptoms of menopause.

It reduces the symptoms of hormone imbalance.

Flaxseed prevents the formation of fungi in the body.

It is a source of antioxidants.

Flaxseed lowers the risk of heart diseases.

Has High Omega 3 Fatty Acid

One of the benefits of flaxseed is that if you are vegetarian or don’t eat fish, flaxseed is the best source of omega 3 fatty acids.

It is a very rich source in terms of herbal omega 3 fatty acids, alpha linolenic acid (ALA).

 

Your body doesn’t produce ALA. That’s why ALA is one of two essential fatty acids that you get from the foods you eat.

Studies on animals have shown that the ALA component in flaxseeds prevents the delivery of cholesterol to blood vessels in the heart, reduces inflammation in the arteries and reduces tumor growth.

A study of 3,638 people in Costa Rica showed that people who consumed more ALA had a lower risk of heart attack than people who consumed less ALA .

In a large evaluation study involving more than 250,000 people and 27 studies, the ALA component was associated with a 14% reduction in heart disease risk .

 

Many studies have also linked ALA and reduced risk of stroke.

 

In addition, a recently published evaluation study based on observation data has shown that ALA has enough heart health benefits to compare with two of the most well known omega 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosaxaenoic acid (DHA).

In terms of the benefits of flaxseed, omega 3 fatty acid is a rich source of ALA. Herbal-derived ALA fatty acids have proven heart health benefits, and these fatty acids have been associated with reducing the risk of stroke.

Reducing Cholesterol Levels and Improving Heart Health

The benefits of flaxseed include fiber, phyto-sterols and omega 3, helping to support heart health.

Contains lignans, helps to protect against cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.

Phytosterols are molecules that have a structure similar to cholesterol. However, these molecules help prevent cholesterol absorption from the intestines.

 

Consuming foods that contain these ingredients can help lower LDL levels, also known as bad cholesterol, in the body.

According to a 2010 study, researchers at the Iowa State University Nutrition and Health Research Center looked at changes in cholesterol levels in men who consumed at least 3 tablespoons of flaxseed oil per day, containing 150 milligrams (mg) of lignan.

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A decrease in the cholesterol levels of men by almost 10 percent after 3 months was observed. However, the same effect was not observed in women.

Professor who directed the research in Iowa. Dr. Suzanne Hendrich stated that testosterone levels that are found less in women and more in men can cause different results.

According to a study of 55 Native American women who entered menopause in 2008, consuming 30 g of flaxseed daily reduced LDL cholesterol levels by up to 10 percent .

It is also believed that the fiber contained in flaxseed helps lower cholesterol levels and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Flaxseed contains both insoluble and insoluble fiber.

According to the Mayo Clinic, soluble fibers are dissolved by producing a gel-like substance that will help reduce cholesterol and sugar levels.

The Heart Association (AHA) recommends consuming more fiber as part of a heart-friendly diet.

One of the benefits of flax seed is that it creates a feeling of satiety. Thus, it is possible to prevent overeating.

 

Omega 3 oils, usually found in oily fish, have been associated with reducing cardiovascular risk.

Some researchers suggest that flaxseed can be used as an alternative to marine omega 3 oils.

Digestive Problems!

If you have digestive system problems that prevent you from having a regular and normal bowel pattern or have constipation problems, you can consider taking flaxseed oil. This oil will relax your digestive system even more.

If you want flaxseed oil to relieve your digestion, all you have to do is put 1 to 3 spoons of flaxseed oil in a glass of water filled with warm water every morning.

You will feel very comfortable throughout the day. Depending on how you feel, you can increase or decrease the number of glasses you drink every morning.

May help lose weight

Among the benefits of flaxseed, the most curious issue is whether it supports weight loss or not.

But what is the link between flaxseed and weight loss, according to studies?

It helps to lose weight thanks to the healthy oils and fiber it contains. Makes you feel full. Thus, it prevents you from consuming excess calories and this results in losing weight.

 

According to a study published in the Journal of Nutrition, flaxseed and walnuts can help prevent obesity and lose weight.

Since flaxseed is filled with healthy oils and fibers, it helps you feel full for a long time.

This means that you generally eat fewer calories, and eating fewer calories can also help with weight loss.

ALA oils can also help restore hormone balance by reducing inflammation. Thus, weight loss can be supported.

The inflamed body tends to retain excess weight. In addition, if a healthy diet is followed, digestive problems such as constipation and flatulence may occur.

You can start losing weight by adding flaxseed to your diet. You can start by putting 2-3 teaspoons of flax seeds in soups, salads and other drinks and foods. Depending on your taste, you can combine flaxseed with dishes that you will like more.

Add a few teaspoons of ground flaxseeds to your soups, salads or smoothies as part of your daily weight loss plan.

Reducing Symptoms of Menopause and Hormone Imbalance

The lignans found in flaxseed have been shown to bring many benefits to women who have had menopause.

In fact, flaxseed can sometimes be used as an alternative to hormone replacement therapies . Or, in some cases, due to the estrogen properties of lignans, it can be administered as a complementary treatment with a balancing hormone approach.

Due to the flaxseed’s ability to stabilize estrogen, flaxseed can also help reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

It can also help women have regular menstrual cycles by promoting the luteal phase (the period between ovulation and menstruation) from the norm length.

To take advantage of the hormonal benefits that are among the benefits of flaxseed, add one or two tablespoons of flaxseed to your smoothie, or take a tablespoon of flaxseed at any time of the day.

Rich in Antioxidant (Lignans)

One of the most wonderful benefits of flaxseed is that it is full of antioxidants.

In particular, antioxidants called lignan are unique fiber type polyphenols. Lignans are antioxidants that help reduce free radical damage.

Therefore, flaxseed is used for its anti-aging, hormone balancing and cell renewal effects.

These are found in unprocessed vegetable foods such as beans, whole grains, beans, nuts and nuts.

Unhealthy lifestyle, such as poor gut health, smoking, antibiotics, and obesity, affect lignan levels in the body.

For this reason, a nutritionally high diet should be followed to achieve ideal lignan levels.

Lignans are considered to be natural “phytoestrogens” or herbal nutrients that work similarly to the hormone estrogen.

Phytoestrogens found in flaxseed may alter estrogen metabolism.

Thus, it can increase or decrease estrogen levels according to the hormonal state of the person (in other words, flaxseed has both the ability to increase estrogen and reduce estrogen).

For example, in women after menopause, lignans cause the body to produce less active estrogen. this situation is associated with increased protection against tumor growth.

Lignans are known for their antiviral and antibacterial properties.

Therefore, consuming flaxseeds regularly can help increase the severity of diseases such as colds and flu.

According to studies, polyphenols support probiotic formation in the stomach and help prevent the formation of fungi and candida in the body.

Vitality to Your Skin!

Linseed oil obtained by squeezing the seeds of flax plant is one of the main natural moisturizers for the skin. It improves and cleanses the pores on the skin and scars from acne. At the same time , flaxseed oil reduces the clarity of dark circles under your eyes and adds a vibrant tone to your skin.

Gluten-free! (Is flaxseed gluten free?)

If you have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, you can add flaxseed to your diet. It is a natural and healthy way.

Flaxseed is anti-inflammatory and usually plays an important role in reducing inflammation caused by gluten and grains.

GOOD for Cancer

According to studies, flaxseed protects you from colon, breast, prostate and ovarian cancer thanks to the high amount of Omega-3 and lignans in it.

In addition to reducing inflammations in the body, omega-3 and lignans balance hormones, reduce and stop tumor growth.

Throw Candida Mushroom out of Your Body!

Candida fungus can cause serious damage to your body by creating symptoms that will make you out of hand.

The hormone can disrupt your balance, weaken your immune system and joints, cause digestive problems, and cause urinary tract infections. Thanks to its high polyphenol content, flaxseed supports the development of probiotics.

Difference of Chia Seeds and Flax Seeds

Although there are many situations where chia seeds and flax seeds share the same nutritional profile, there are many situations where they are quite different from each other.

The content of alpha linolenic acid found in flax seed is much higher than Chia seed.

While flaxseeds are a great source of herbal lignan, Chia seeds are not. But Chia seeds contain other antioxidants.

Chia seeds contain more fiber than flaxseed.

Although chia seeds are rich in calcium, they are not flaxseeds.

How to Consume Flax Seed?

Flaxseed can be consumed in the form of whole / non-ground beans, but it is often more useful when grounded in food as flaxseed.

Ground flaxseed helps to better absorb the fiber it contains, so that more benefits can be obtained from flaxseed.

Linseed consumed as a whole passes through the digestive system without being digested and therefore it is not possible to benefit from the benefits it offers.

It is also used in making flaxseed, flaxseed oil.

Flaxseed oil is easily digested and concentrated source of healthy fat.

Below you will find more information on how to grow and grind your own flaxseed. You can also see how you can use flaxseeds in your recipes.

Another product of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is linseed oil, which is a boiled oil used in oil paintings and glass stained glass and wood preservative.

Boiled linseed oil should never be consumed.

Fruit Flaxseed Muffin

These soft and delicious flaxseed muffins are both healthy and very tasty.

Materials:

1/2 cup of crushed pineapple and pineapple juice, canned

1/2 cup finely chopped apples (with peel)

2 tablespoons of canola oil

1 large egg, rich in omega 3 if available

2 egg whites (or 1/4 cup equivalent)

1 cup nonfat cream

1/4 cup dark molasses molasses

1/2 cup raisins, currants (or other dried fruit, chopped)

1 1/4 cup unbleached white flour

1/2 cup whole grain flour

1 teaspoon baking powder

1 teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate

1/4 teaspoon salt

3/4 cup ground flaxseed

Preparation:

Preheat the oven to 400 degrees. Put baking paper or foil inside the muffin mold. Apply canola cooking oil after covering the compartments.

Mix pineapple and pineapple juice, apples, canola oil, eggs, egg whites or egg whites, cream and molasses molasses in a large container until they become light and fluffy. Add raisins or other dried fruits you use.

In a medium bowl, mix flour, baking powder, sodium bicarbonate, salt and flaxseed.

Add the cream mixture to the flaxseed mixture and mix well until all ingredients are mixed. Fill 1/4 of the muffin molds with the mixture.

Bake in the middle compartment of the preheated oven for about 20 minutes or until the muffins turn golden.

 

WHAT ARE SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH USING FLAXSEED?

Side effects (CONS) of flaxseed include:

allergic reactions

diarrhea (oil)

intestinal obstruction

bloating

stomach ache

constipation

gas (flatulence)

This  post doesn’t include all possible side effects and  there can be other cons of flaxseeds. Apply one expert for additional information about side effects.

Digestion Solutions for Diarrhea and Acid Reflux

WHAT OTHER DRUGS INTERACT WITH FLAXSEED?

If your doctor has directed you to use this medication, your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with your doctor, health care provider or pharmacist first.

Flaxseed has no known severe interactions with other drugs.

It has no known serious interactions with other drugs.

Moderate interactions of flaxseed include:

phytoestrogens

Flaxseed has no known mild interactions with other drugs.

This information does not contain all possible interactions or side effects. That is why, before using flaxseed, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share this information with your doctor and pharmacist. Check with your health care professional or doctor for additional medical advice, or if you have health questions, concerns or for more information about this medicine.

WHAT ARE WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR FLAXSEED?

Warnings

This medication contains flaxseed. Do not take flax, graine de lin, leinsamen, lini semen, linoleic acid, linseed, lint bells, Linum usitatissimum if you are allergic to flaxseed or any ingredients contained in this drug.

Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center immediately.

Contraindications

Bowel obstruction, cancer (breast, ovarian, uterine), endometriosis, narrowing of the esophagus (esophageal stricture), hormone sensitive conditions, elevated triglycerides, intestinal inflammation, acute, and uterine fibroids

Effects of Drug Abuse

No information available

Cautions

Bleeding disorders (oil)

Pregnancy and Lactation

Avoid use of flaxseed during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Consult your physician.

FAQ About Benefits and side effects of Flaxseed

Is flaxseed good for dogs?

Flax seed (ground or oil) is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids that are good for skin and coat. Whole flax seeds are best if ground right before feeding as this type of fat can go rancid quickly. Flax seed can also be added to your dog’s diet as a source of fibre

Is flaxseed oil good for you?

Flaxseed oil has high omega-3 fatty acids and has several health benefits, such as reduced blood pressure and improved regularity.  Flaxseed oil can be used as a replacement for other types of oils, added to foods or applied to your skin and hair.

Is flaxseed good for men?

In a small research with 15 men who given 30 grams of flax seeds a day while following a low-fat diet showed reduced levels of a prostate cancer marker, suggesting a lower risk of prostate cancer.

Is flaxseed good for menopause?

Flaxseed is a good source of lignans, plant-based compounds which have a weak estrogen effect. Because of this weak estrogen effect flaxseed can help  to ease hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms

Is flaxseed good for perimenopause?

Ground flaxseed — but not flaxseed oil — may also help with menopausal symptoms. One study showed that 40 grams per day may be similar to hormone therapy for improving mild menopause symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats.

Does eating flaxseed help hair growth?

Flaxseeds act on both hair and scalp, thanks to the presence of nourishing nutrients like B vitamins, magnesium, manganese, selenium and copper. That is why these nutrients boost hair growth and help them grow stronger and longer.

Does eating flaxseed cause gas?

When used in recommended amounts, flaxseed and flaxseed oil are safe to use. But, if it is taken in large amounts with too little water, flaxseed can cause bloating and Gas.

Does eating flaxseed increase breast size?

Flax seeds have been known to increase breast tissue growth and can really, really help women’s breasts grow bigger and bigger. Flaxseed is another route women can take for an aid in natural breast enhancement.

Does eating flaxseed cause acne?

Is flaxseed good for acne?

As flaxseeds have a weak estrogenic effect, they can help rev up your estrogen to balance out the acne-causing progesterone which’s the dominant hormone in our period at this point in our cycle.

Does eating flaxseed help you to lose weight?

Flaxseeds are rich in terms of proteins. So, when you use a teaspoon of flaxseeds, along with dietary fiber, the protein content suppresses consumers’s appetite. This prevents us from overeating, thereby helping us in losing weight. Flaxseeds includes low  starch and sugar, hence they are not high on calories.

Does eating flaxseed make you poop?

Will flaxseed make you poop? Does eating flaxseed cause constipation?

Using Flaxseed for IBS

Flaxseed is effective to speed up intestinal movement, resulting in an increased frequency of bowel movements. Animal studies shows that flaxseed may not only ease the symptoms of constipation but may also help to ease diarrhea due to its effect on stool formation.

Does eating flaxseed cause diarrhea?

Flaxseed is safe for most adult people when taken by mouth.. Adding flaxseed to the diet may increase the number of bowel movements.. It can also cause gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as bloating, gas, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, stomachache, and nausea.

Can flaxseed cause diarrhea in dogs?

Symptoms for if dog has flax poisoning. Common symptoms of flax poisoning are vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms might be lost themselves without any clinical or medical intervention. Watch your dog to be sure if they start to feel better within 24 – 48 hours.

Benefits and side effects of Flaxseed in WIKIPEDIA

Flax is grown for its seeds, which can be ground into a meal or turned into linseed oil, a product used as a nutritional supplement and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Moreover, flax fibers are used to make linen. The specific epithet, usitatissimum, means “most useful”.

Flax fibers taken from the stem of the plant are two to three times as strong as cotton fibers. Additionally, flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight. Europe and North America both depended on flax for plant-based cloth until the 19th century, when cotton overtook flax as the most common plant for making rag-based paper. Flax is grown on the Canadian prairies for linseed oil, which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnishes and in products such as linoleum and printing inks.

Linseed meal, the by-product of producing linseed oil from flax seeds, is used as livestock fodder.

Flaxseeds

Flaxseeds occur in two basic varieties/colors: brown or yellow (golden linseeds). Most types of these basic varieties have similar nutritional characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids. An exception is a type of yellow flax called solin (trade name “Linola”), which has a completely different oil profile and is very low in omega-3s (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), specifically).

Flaxseeds produce a vegetable oil known as flaxseed oil or linseed oil, which is one of the oldest commercial oils. It is an edible oil obtained by expeller pressing and sometimes followed by solvent extraction. Solvent-processed flaxseed oil has been used for many centuries as a drying oil in painting and varnishing.

Although brown flaxseed varieties may be consumed as readily as the yellow ones, and have been for thousands of years, its better-known uses are in paints, for fiber, and for cattle feed.

Is It Normal to Get Diarrhea During Your Period? | HealthiNation

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Flaxseeds are a signicant dietary source of α-linolenic acid, dietary bre and lignans. The aim  of this review is to describe  current knowledge concerning the therapeutic and physiological effects  of dietary axseeds on the gastrointestinal system. We reviewed in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies pub-lished between 1976 and 2016 and examining the gastrointestinal activity of  lignans, omega-3  fatty acids and bre in dietary  axseeds. We searched  PubMed/MEDLINE  using  the  keywords  ‘lignans’, ‘axseeds’, ‘bre’, ‘omega 3 fatty acids’ and ‘gastrointestinal’ alone or combined. The results indicate that axseed lignans and omega-3 fatty acids may be effective for preventing and reducing colon can-cer, modulating constipation and diarrhoea through the synergic activity of lignans, bre and omega-3 fatty acids, and reducing bowel inammation through downregulation by omega-3  fatty acids of the expression of pro-inammatory cytokines. In addition, a positive effect on the gut microbiota has been observed both in experimental in vivo studies and in clinical trials, probably through lignan activity, although the exact mechanism of action has not been elucidated. Our review suggests dietary axseeds may have benecial effects on the gastrointestinal system.KeywordsGastroenterologyFlaxseedsLignansOmega 3Dietary bre1Dipartimento Chirurgico, Medico, Odontoiatrico e di Scienze Morfologiche con Interesse Trapiantologico, Oncologico e di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena (MO), ItalyTel +39 05942224832Network del Secondo Parere, Modena (MO), ItalyCorrispondence to: Carmen Laurino - carmen.laurino@hotmail.itCarmen Laurino1,2, Beniamino Palmieri1,2, Maria Vadalà1,2Gastrointestinal activity of dietary axseed lignans, omega-3 fatty acids and bresIntroductionOestrogens  bind  oestrogen receptors  (ERs),  displaying dif-ferent effects in different target cells  and  tissue.  Oestrogen biosynthesis  by  the  ovaries  is  reduced  with  ageing,  with some withdrawal symptoms seen during menopause [1]. To reduce these side  effects  (hot  ushes,  vaginal atrophy, skin and adnexa dystrophy, bone loss and changes in cardiovas-cular and metabolic function), hormone replacement thera-py (HRT) or  botanical  dietary supplements which simulate oestrogen  activity  are  prescribed.  However, HRT  involves some risks  such  as  the  development  and/or  progression of breast and uterine cancer. Phytoestrogens,  a  group  of  oestrogen-like  naturally  de-rived compounds [2,  3]  found  in animal  and  human  food [4,  5],  are  becoming  very  popular  because  they  bind  ERs with  weak  oestrogenic  activity potential  [6],  thus  possibly increasing breast cancer risk. However, their agonistic activ-ity  competes  with their  very  active oestrogenic  activity  to produce  an  antioestrogenic  effect  [7].  Hence, they  could protect  against  premenopausal breast  cancer  but  increase breast cancer risk after the menopause [8]. The two main classes of phytoestrogens found in the human diet are isoavones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein)  and lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone). The isoavone daid-zein can be  metabolized  by intestinal bacteria into O-des-methylangolensin (ODMA)  and,  in  approximately  30–50% of  individuals,  into  equol.  Isoavones are  primarily  found in soy and soy products, while lignans are found in cereals, axseeds, nuts, coffee, tea, fruit and vegetables [9, 10]. Flaxseeds  (Linum usitatissimum),  also known  as  linseeds, are  at,  oval-shaped seeds  with  a  pointed tip,  ranging in colour  from  deep  brown  (usually  of  Canadian  origin)  to light yellow (golden;  usually of US origin).  Seed  colour  is determined  by  the  amount  of  pigment  in  the  seed  coat. Brown and golden axseeds have a similar nutrient prole and differences between them  are probably a result of dif-ferences  in  environmental  and  growing conditions  rather than seed colour [11]. 

2www.ceceditore.comNutrafoods (2017) 16:1-9 Original researchlaceae) has been shown to prevent both activation of carcin-ogens and tumour promotion in mouse skin [23, 25] and the bladder [26], and it has been suggested that this effect may extend to colorectal cancer [27]. The development of colo-rectal cancer may be inuenced by oestrogenic exposure, so phytoestrogens may act  through  hormonal mechanisms  to reduce cancer risk by binding to ERs [28] or interacting with enzymes involved in  sex steroid biosynthesis  and  metabo-lism [29]. The main in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are summarized in Table 1, while clinical studies on dietary axseed application and evidence are described in Table 2. Sung  et al [30]  demonstrated  that  at  100  µM  concentra-tion, the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol signicantly reduced the proliferation  of  four human colon tumour cell lines  (LS174T,  Caco-2,  HCT-15,  T-84)  after  8–10  days  of incubation, but  with  a major  specicity  for enterolactone, which was more than twice as effective as enterodiol at the same concentration.Furthermore,  an  experimental in  vivo  study  evaluated the effects of  feeding  axseed  oil and  axseed  meal on  azox-ymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fis-cher 344 male rats [31]. Study rats were divided into seven groups and were fed an AIN 93G diet (control, C), C+7% or 14% soybean oil, C+7% or 14% axseed oil, or C+10% or 20% axseed meal. At 7 and 8 weeks of age, all rats then re-ceived 16 mg/kg body weight of AOM. After euthanasia with CO2 at 17 weeks of age, results indicated that axseed meal and  axseed  oil  reduced  the  incidence  of ACF,  which  are putative precursor lesions in colon cancer, in the distal co-lon by 88% and 77% and in the proximal colon by 86% and 87%, with total reductions of 87.5% and 84%, respectively. Glutathione-S-transferase  (GST)  activity  was  signicantly (p<0.05) higher in rats fed C+7% and 14% axseed oil and C+10%  and  20%  axseed  meal, as  compared  to rats  fed C+7% and 14% soybean oil diets. These ndings conrmed that axseed oil and axseed meal reduced the incidence of AOM-induced ACF formation and may therefore be effective chemopreventive agents.Bommareddy  et al  [32]  investigated  the effects  of  dietary axseeds  versus  corn  meal  on  the  development  of  colon cancer. Forty-eight male Fischer rats were divided  into two groups  of  24  each,  and  their diet  was  supplemented with either  15%  corn  meal or  15% axseed  meal. The authors induced carcinogenesis by subcutaneous injection  of AOM (15 mg/kg) once  a  week  for 3 consecutive weeks. After 35 weeks, the site, size and number of tumours were noted and the fatty  acid  composition  of the  gastrointestinal  tract  was analysed. Flaxseeds are the main source of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and the richest dietary source of lignans [12]. The availability of a rich source of ALA has recently led to investigations of the potential  value  of  axseeds  in the  human  diet [13].  Flax-seeds are also an important source of dietary bre (35–45%), with the proportion of soluble to insoluble bre varying be-tween 1:4 and  2:3  [14].  Flaxseeds are sold as whole  seed, ground  seed  and  partially  defatted  axseed  meal  (PDFM), with PDFM containing the highest content of dietary bre in common forms of axseeds [15].In  addition,  the  lignans  entenolactone and  enterodiol  are metabolized by microbiota and may have anticancer effects [16–18]. Flaxseeds  contain  approximately  30%  dietary  bre,  one third of which is water soluble. The majority of the water-sol-uble bre belongs to a group of heterogenic polysaccharides consisting of neutral arabinoxylans and highly acidic rham-nose-containing polysaccharides  present  on  the  outside of the  seed  coat  (the  mucilage),  which  form  highly  viscous solutions when mixed with water [19]. Consequently, these polysaccharides are easily extractable using only water, and have been  effective  in  reducing  the  digestibility  of fat [20, 21] and in improving faecal fat excretion  [22]. In addition, the soluble  bre,  mainly  in  the form  of  mucilage,  forms  a gel-like substance in contact with water and may contribute to  stool  softening,  while  the  insoluble bre  is  assumed  to be  responsible  for  the  faecal  bulking effect  observed with axseed use [11]. Aim and searching criteriaWe reviewed in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies published between 1976 and 2016 on the gastrointestinal effects of lig-nans, omega-3 fatty acids and bre in dietary axseeds. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE,  using  the  keywords  ‘lignans’, ‘axseeds’, ‘bre’,  ‘omega  3  fatty acids’  and  ‘gastrointesti-nal’ alone or combined. This review aims to describe current knowledge  concerning  the  therapeutic effects  of axseeds on  the  gastrointestinal  system,  their  physiological  mecha-nism of action  in  specic  pathological  conditions,  and fu-ture therapeutic perspectives.     Results and DiscussionFlaxseeds in colon cancerDifferent classes of lignans have been shown to inhibit tum-origenesis [23, 24]. Among these, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a well-known lignan from the resinous exudate of the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville, Zygophyl-

www.ceceditore.comOriginal research Nutrafoods (2017) 16:1-93Table 1 - In vitro and in vivo studies of dietary axseed supplementationReference Applica-tionType of the studyType of controlDose and time of treatment OutcomesSung et al (1998) [30]Antitumour activityExperimental in vitro study; colon tumour cell lines (LS174T, Caco-2, HCT-15, T-84)Not available100 µM concentration of the lignans entero-lactone and enterodiol; 8 to 10- day incubation periodSignicant reduction in proliferation of the four human colon tumour cell lines, but with a major specicity for enterolacto-ne, which was more than twice as effective as enterodiol at the same concentrationWilliams et al (2007) [31]Colon cancer preventionExperimental in vivo study; Fischer 344 male rats; C+7% and 14% axseed oil group and C+10% and 20% axseed meal groupAIN 93G diet (control, C) group, C+7% and 14% soybean oil groupAll rats received 16 mg/kg body weight of azoxymethane (AOM) at 7 and 8 weeks of age to induce carcinogenesis. Supplementation for 17 weeks (see details for each group)Flaxseed meal and axseed oil reduced the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), which are putative precursor lesions in the development of colon cancer in the distal colon by 88% and 77%, in the proximal colon by 86% and 87% with a total reduction of 87.5% and 84%, respectively. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were signicantly (p<0.05) higher in rats fed C+7% and 14% axseed oil and C+10% and 20% axseed meal, as compared to rats fed C+ soybean oil diets.Bommareddy  et al (2006) [32]Colon cancer preventionExperimental in vivo study; 48 male Fischer rats; experimental group supplemented with 15% axseed meal diet (24 rats)Control group supplemented with 15% corn meal diet (24 rats)All rats received subcu-taneous injections of AOM (15 mg/kg) once a week for 3 consecutive weeks to induce carci-nogenesis; supplemen-tation for 35 weeksColon cancer incidence, multiplicity and tumour size were 82.6% and 29.4%, 1.3 and 0.3, and 44.4 and 5.3 mm2 in the corn and axseed meal groups, respectively. The axseed meal group exhibited higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids. COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the axseed group was signicantly lower (p<0.05) as compared to the corn groupHernandez-Salazar  et al (2013) [33]Colon cancer preventionExperimental in vivo study; Sprague- Dawley rats; expe-rimental groups: axseed group and total non-digestible fraction (TNDF) groupNon-supple-mented group (AOM group); Carcinogenesis was induced by injections of AOM; 2 tablespoons of axseed daily and 2 tablespoons of TNDFFlaxseed signicantly reduced crypt multiplicity (10.50±3.5) compared with TNDF treatment (34.00±11.0); axseed indu-ced the expression of p53 and p21, whereas TNDF triggered the p21-independent expression of p53; TNDF induced mito-chondrial apoptosis because the TNDF+AOM group exhibited increased caspase-3 expression, decreased bcl-2 expression and increased bax expressionBommareddy  et al (2009) [34]Colon cancer preventionExperimental in vivo study; male in Apc(Min) mice; ex-perimental groups: axseed meal and axseed oil supple-mented diets Control groups: con-trol (AIN-93M meal), corn meal and corn oil supple-mented dietsNot availableDietary axseed signicantly decreased (p<0.05) colon cancer size and number of foci compared to controls; lignans were detected in the serum and colon samples in the axseed meal group, and COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the gut biopsies were signicantly lower (p<0.05) as compared to the corn meal groupJenab et al (1999) [35]Colon cancer preventionExperimental in vivo study; seven groups of 6 female ratsControl group: basal high-fat (20%) diet (BD) group 4 Weeks; BD, BD sup-plemented with 2.5%, 5.0% or 10.0% axseed, or BD with daily gavage of 0.75, 1.5 or 3.0 mg of secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG)Specic and total activities of beta-glucuronidase in the caecum were signicantly related to the levels of axseed (r=0.539, p<0.008 and r=0.599, p<0.002, respectively) and SDG (r=0.567, p<0.007 and r=0.435, p<0.04, respectively). Urinary mammalian lignan excretion also increased with increasing axseed or SDG levels and thus was signicantly re-lated to the specic activity (r=0.38, p<0.017) and total activity (r=0.429, p<0.007) of beta-glucuronidaseXu et al (2012) [12] Constipa-tion Experimental in vivo study; constipated mouse model (induced by atropine-diphe-noxylate)Normal mou-se groupSupplementation with 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) partially defatted axseeds meal (PDFM (L-, M- and H-PDFM)) for 14 daysM- and H-PDFM signicantly increased small intestinal transit rates in the constipation model mice; the overall amount of ad-ministered PDFM markedly shortened the time to defecation; M- and H-PDFM signicantly increased stool frequency and weight in both normal and constipation model micePalla et al (2015) [44] Diarrhoea  Experimental in vivo study; mice Normal mice 100, 300 and 500 mg/kgFlaxseeds reduced the diarrhoeal score in mice by 39%, 63.9% and 68.34% at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, the intestinal secretions from insulated gut loops by 24.12%, 28.09% and 38.8%, and intestinal motility by 31.66%, 46.98% and 56.2%Cheshmehkani  et al (2015) [48]Colon inamma-tionExperimental, in vivo study; Sprague-Dawley ratsControl diet 7 Weeks Increased colon free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFAR4) expression; reduction of TNF-α expressionMartin and Bolling  (2015) [49], Zare-poor et al (2014) [50]Colon inamma-tionExperimental, in vivo study; C57BL/6 miceControl diet 10% axseed diet Increased inammatory bowel disease activity indexJonecova et al (2015) [54]Turnover of both epithelial and lamina propria cells of the colon mucosaExperimental, in vivo study; piglets fed with axseed diet and a axseed+sunower oil dietNormal diet+ sunower oilFlaxseed diet; from 10 days before to 21 days after weaning Increased crypt depth in comparison with both groups supple-mented with sunower oil (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) on the weaning day. Signicant decrease in villus height (p<0.01) and crypt depth (p<0.01) 21 days after weaning in comparison with the sunower oil group. Signicantly higher proliferative activity in the mucosal connective tissue, in the group with axseed supplementation in comparison with the sunower oil group was observed on the day of weaning, as well as 3 days later (both p<0.05)

4www.ceceditore.comNutrafoods (2017) 16:1-9 Original researchferent ways: while axseed activated the expression of p53 and p21, the TNDF diet induced p21 independently of p53 expression. Moreover, the unusual expression of apoptosis-related genes (e.g., an increase in caspase-3 and a reduction in bcl-2) found in the TNDF+AOM-treated group suggested mitochondrial apoptosis was induced by the TNDF diet. A  review  by Bommareddy  et al  [34]  conrmed colorectal cancer was prevented by dietary axseed in the AOM mouse model by augmenting colon levels of lignans and reducing expression  of  COX-1  and  COX-2  in  the  colon.  Apc(Min) mice were  divided  into  ve groups  and  fed  a  control  diet (AIN-93M meal), corn meal, axseed meal, corn oil or ax-seed oil. At the end of the study, the group fed the axseed meal  showed  signicantly  reduced  (p<0.05) colon  cancer size and  number of foci compared  to controls. Higher lev-els  of  lignans  were  also  found  in  the serum  and  colon  of the axseed meal group in addition to  minor expression of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in colon biopsies, compared to the group fed the corn meal diet (p<0.05). Flaxseeds may also prevent colon cancer by reducing bacte-rial beta-glucuronidase activity, which increases colon can-cer risk  [35, 36]. An  in vivo experimental study conducted by Jenab et al [35]  considered  a basal hyper lipid  concen-trated diet (20%) (HLCD), HLCD  supplemented with  2.5%, Expression of cyclooxygenase  (COX)-1 and COX-2 and se-rum and  colon concentrations of lignans were also  investi-gated. Tumours were found in 82.6% and 29.4% of the corn meal and axseed groups, respectively. There were an aver-age of 1.3 and 0.3 tumours with an average size of 44.4 and 5.3 mm2,  respectively, in  the  two  groups.  Higher  levels of omega-6 fatty acids were found in colon and serum samples from the corn meal group, while higher  levels  of  omega-3 were found in the axseed group, in addition to a signicant reduction in COX-1 and  COX-2 expression  (p<0.05).  Aug-mentation of  omega-3  fatty acids and a  reduction  in COX-1 and COX-2 levels  by lignans and omega-3 fatty acids in dietary axseed meal may be effective for preventing colon cancer.A further study investigated the effect of two tablespoons of axseed  daily  and its  total  non-digestible fraction  (TNDF) on the expression of genes involved in AOM-induced colon cancer in Sprague–Dawley rats [33]. Results suggest an asso-ciation between cell cycle gene expression and the antioxi-dant activity of dietary axseed in colon cancer prevention. Specically,  axseed  was more effective for preventing co-lon cancer by reducing crypt multiplicity compared to TDNF treatment  (10.50±3.5  and  34.00±11.0,  respectively).  The axseed and TNDF diets induced cell cycle arrest but in dif-Table 2 - Clinical studies of dietary axseed supplementationReference Application Type of the study Type of controlDose and time of treatment OutcomesCockerell et al (2012) [11] ConstipationOpen randomized controlled trial; 40 patients affected by irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)No axseed diet4 Weeks; 14 patients received two tablespo-ons of whole axseeds daily; 13 patients re-ceived two tablespoons of ground axseeds daily;13 subjects did not receive any axseeds as controlPatients fed whole axseeds did not reach statistical signicance versus ground axseeds (p=0.62), whole axseeds only (p=0.12) and ground axseeds only (p=0.10) regarding improvement in symptom severity and changes in stool fre-quency or consistencyPruthi et al (2012) [47] Postmeno-pausal hot ashesPhase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial; 188 postmenopau-sal women with or without breast cancer affected by hot ashesPlacebo groupA axseed bar (provi-ding 410 mg of lignans) or placebo bar for 6 weeksSignicant reduction in hot ashes of 50% in patients treated with axseed bar; gastrointestinal side effects were probably due to the high bre content (20%) of the axseed barBrahe et al (2015) [53]Gut micro-biota modu-lationRandomized controlled trial; 58 obese postmeno-pausal womenLactobacillus paracesei F19 group; place-bo group6 Weeks; daily intake of either L. paracasei F19 (9.4 × 1010 colony-forming units), axseed mucilage (10 g) or placeboReduction in serum C-peptide and insulin release during an oral glucose tolerance test (p<0.05) and improved insulin sensitivity measured by the Matsuda index (p<0.05) in the axseed group. Quantitative modications of 33 metageno-mics species (p<0.01), including decreased relative abundan-ce of eight Faecalibacterium species in the axseed group Lagkouvardos et al (2015) [55]Modulation of gut faecal species and blood meta-bolites Observational non-controlled studyNo control group1 Week of axseed supplementation (0.3 g/kg/day axseeds)Increase in blood enterolignans; signicant increase in faecal excretion of propionate and glycerol; diversity and composi-tion of dominant faecal bacteria remained individual specic throughout the study. Enterolactone production was linked to the abundance of two molecular species (Ruminococcus bromii and Ruminococcus lactaris); the relative sequence abundance of one Gemmiger species (Ruminococcaceae) and of Copro-coccus comes (Lachnospiraceae) correlated positively with blood levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively

www.ceceditore.comOriginal research Nutrafoods (2017) 16:1-95seeds (p=0.62), whole  axseeds  versus control (p=0.12) or ground axseeds versus control (p=0.10). These ndings did not show any substantial difference in clinical effectiveness between whole axseeds and ground axseeds for the treat-ment of patients with IBS. The mechanisms by which axseeds improve symptoms  of wind and bloating in IBS are not well understood, but the improvement is presumed to be due to effects exerted not by bre and  omega-3  fatty  acids but by ALA and lignans. The laxative activity of axseeds is also controlled by a weak his-taminergic effect activating the  cholinergic  pathway which also  shows  antidiarrhoeal  activity,  putatively  through  K(+) channel activation [43]. Another hypothesis suggests that the antidiarrhoeal effect of axseeds is mediated by inhibition of calcium channels, dis-playing antimotility  and antisecretory activity [44].  In  fact, since calcium channel blockers  are  known  to  have a non-specic spasmolytic  effect,  they  are  expected  to block the effect of all agonists including acetylcholine, histamine and 5-HT [45].An experimental in vivo study investigated the antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial activity of axseeds in infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea in mice [44]. At doses of 100, 300 and 500  mg/kg,  axseed  extract  reduced  the  diarrhoeal  score in mice by 39%,  63.9%  and  68.34%,  intestinal secretions from  insulated  gut  loops by  24.12%,  28.09% and  38.8%, and intestinal motility  by 31.66%, 46.98% and 56.2%, re-spectively. Flaxseed  extract,  when  tested  on  isolated  rabbit  jejunum preparations,  caused  a  dose-dependent  inhibition of  both spontaneous  and  high K(+)  (80 mM)-induced  contractions, and shifted the concentration–response curves of calcium to the right with suppression of the maximum response. In another study, axseed consumption in rats caused inhibi-tion of some proteolytic digestive enzymes,  such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, and a reduction in protein utilization, in addition to  negative effects  on  rat  growth  and  a reduction in intestinal  villi  height,  indicating axseeds should not be considered a complete source of protein [46].Flaxseed extract administered at 12.5 mg/ml shows antimi-crobial  activity  towards  different  bacterial species,  includ-ing vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli  K1,  methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus,  Bacil-lus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, with efcacy ranging from 100% to 26% [44]. At the lower concentration of 10 mg/ml, the  extract was not effective in suppressing E. coli K1, exhibiting only bacteriostatic activ-ity against P. aeruginosa and S. typhi. The effectiveness of 5.0% or 10.0% axseed, or HLCD supplemented with 0.75, 1.5  or  3.0  mg  of  secoisolariciresinol  diglucoside  (SDG), which is  the  main  lignan  precursor  in  mammals. The diets were administered daily for 4 weeks to seven groups of six female rats each. At the end of the study, caecum beta-glu-curonidase enzyme activity was signicantly higher in mice fed axseed and SDG,  while urinary  levels of lignans were positively correlated  with  the  specic  activity  of the  beta-glucuronidase enzyme. These ndings support  the  hypoth-esis  that  axseeds  prevent colon  cancer  by promoting  the intestinal absorption of lignans. Flaxseeds and functional gastrointestinal diseasesFlaxseeds display benecial effects in functional gastrointesti-nal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and colitis [37], and have a laxative effect in both healthy [37, 38] and constipated individuals [39], but there are only a small num-ber of controlled trials. Xu et al [12] assessed whether PDFM facilitated faecal output in normal mice and in an experimen-tal constipated mice model (induced by atropine-diphenox-ylate) after supplementation with 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) PDFM (L-, M- and H-PDFM) for 14 days. Results showed that M- and H-PDFM signicantly increased small intestinal tran-sit times in the constipated mice, while the overall amount of administered PDFM markedly shortened time to defecation, and M- and H-PDFM signicantly increased stool frequency and  weight  in  both the  normal mice  and the  constipated mice. These ndings  suggest that the high concentration of bre in  PDFM has a role in increasing small intestinal tran-sit times.  In  addition,  bacterial fermentation of dietary  bre in the intestine also produces short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate and butyrate [40]. There is a  large body of  evidence  that  suggests that  physiological concentrations of these short-chain fatty acids signicantly increase colonic motility and stimulate colonic transit through various mecha-nisms [41, 42]. Finally, an additional laxative effect might be due to oil remnants in the axseed meal [14]. An  open  randomized  controlled  trial  [11]  compared  the clinical effectiveness of whole axseeds to ground axseeds for the treatment of 40 patients affected by IBS. For 4 weeks, 14  patients  received  two  tablespoons  of  whole  axseeds daily,  13 patients received two tablespoons of  ground ax-seeds daily, and 13 subjects did not receive any axseeds as control.  Symptom  severity  and bowel  habit  were assessed before and at the end of the study. Results showed that im-provements in symptom  severity  and  changes  in stool  fre-quency or consistency did  not reach statistical  signicance in patients administered whole axseeds versus ground ax-

6www.ceceditore.comNutrafoods (2017) 16:1-9 Original researchparacasei F19  or  axseed  mucilage on  the  gut  microbiota and  metabolic  risk  markers  in  58  obese  postmenopausal women  [53].  L. paracasei  F19  (9.4×1010  colony-forming units), axseed mucilage (10 g) or placebo was administered daily  for  6  weeks.  Quantitative  metagenomics  analysis of faecal  DNA  was  performed  to  identify  changes  in  the gut microbiota. Results  showed  that  dietary axseed  mucilage consumed over 6 weeks reduced serum C-peptide and insu-lin release during an oral glucose tolerance test (p<0.05) and improved  insulin  sensitivity  measured  by the  Matsuda  in-dex (p<0.05). Comparison of gut microbiota composition at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment with axseed muci-lage showed quantitative modications of 33 metagenomics species (p<0.01), including decreased relative abundance of eight Faecalibacterium species, but this effect was not  seen in patients supplemented with L. paracasei F19. Gut micro-biota modulation and insulin sensitivity improvement might be a good therapeutic option in the clinical setting.A  further  study  in  piglets  investigated the  effect  of  30-day supplementation  with axseed  and  lactobacilli  compared with control supplementation  based  on  sunower  oil [54]. Analyses of jejunal mucosa after the study showed that ax-seed and lactobacilli supplementation signicantly reduced villus height  and  crypt depth but resulted in  increased  cell proliferation  in  the epithelial  and lamina  propria  as com-pared with control piglets (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). In contrast, a further  study  investigated the  impact  of  ax-seed supplementation (0.3 g/kg/day axseeds for 1 week) on faecal  bacterial  species and  their  associations  with  faecal and blood metabolites in nine healthy subjects [55]. An in-crease in blood  enterolignans  and  a  signicant  increase  in faecal excretion of propionate  and glycerol was noted. The diversity and composition of microbial species in individual stool was generally conserved during the study period. Fur-thermore, the presence of Ruminococcus bromii and Rumi-nococcus lactaris was mostly correlated with enterolactone production, while the presence of faecal Bacteroidales was associated with an increased concentration of  some  acids, such as acetic, isovaleric and isobutyric, in  stool, and a re-duced  concentration  of  serum  triglycerides.  Finally,  some bacterial  species,  such as  Ruminococcaceae  and Lachno-spiraceae, were directly correlated with elevated serum lev-els of  LDL cholesterol and  triglycerides, respectively. These ndings do not support the hypothesis that axseed supple-mentation alters the faecal metabolome and dominant bac-terial  communities,  but  do suggest  that Ruminococcaceae may be  involved in the regulation  of  enterolignan  produc-tion and blood lipids.axseed  extract  against  Gram positive  and  Gram negative bacteria,  including  drug-resistant  pathogens,  suggests  the presence of constituents that could serve as a source of new and better antimicrobial compounds. Controversially, abdominal distension, atulence, diarrhoea and nausea were reported in a phase III, randomized, place-bo-controlled,  double-blind  trial  with  axseed administra-tion in 188 postmenopausal women with  or without breast cancer affected by hot ashes [47].  Consumption of a ax-seed bar providing 410 mg of lignans or a placebo bar for 6 weeks signicantly reduced hot ashes by 50%, but gastro-intestinal side effects  were  also  recorded,  probably  due to the high bre content (20%) of the axseed bar.Flaxseeds and bowel inammationIt has also been reported that axseeds have intestinal anti-inammatory  activity.  Cheshmehkani  et al  [48]  identied free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFAR4), one the receptors of ome-ga-3 fatty  acids,  on  the  colon mucosa of  Sprague–Dawley rats, as a modulator of  anti-inammatory and  insulin-sensi-tizing effects in response to polyunsaturated fatty acids such as ALA which occur naturally  in axseeds. The mechanism involves  stimulation  by  FFAR4  of  secretion of  the insulin secretagogue glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the gas-trointestinal tract, which acts as a dietary sensor to regulate energy availability. The administration of a axseed diet  for 7 weeks results in increased colon FFAR4 expression, and in reduced expression of the pro-inammatory cytokine TNF-α compared to animals fed a control diet. Controversially, an experimental in vivo study reported that a 10% axseed diet increased the inammatory bowel dis-ease  activity  index  in 2%  dextran sulphate  sodium (DSS)-treated C57BL/6 mice [49, 50].Despite  the  well-documented  anti-inammatory  properties of  omega-3  polyunsaturated  fatty  acids,  supplementation with axseed abolished the anti-inammatory effect of Lacto-bacillus plantarum, except for IL-2 levels in rats treated with the pro-carcinogen N,N-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) [51]. This effect  probably  depends  on  the high  content  of ALA  (40–60%) in axseed and their metabolites. Nemcova et al [52] reported  that  axseeds  rich  in  polyunsaturated  fatty  acids may support the  immunomodulatory effects of L. plantarum specically through the stimulatory effect of the probiotic on adhesion of E. coli K88 to the intestinal mucosa of piglets. Flaxseeds and gut microbiotaFlaxseeds modulate gut microbiota. A randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of interventions with Lactobacillus 

www.ceceditore.comOriginal research Nutrafoods (2017) 16:1-97ConclusionsOur review suggests a potential benecial effect of axseeds in gastroenterology. For instance, axseed lignans and ome-ga-3 fatty acids may be effective for preventing or reducing colon  cancer,  for  modulating  constipation  and  diarrhoea by the  synergic  activity  of lignans, bre and omega-3 fatty acids, and for reducing bowel inammation through down-regulation by omega-3 fatty acids  of the expression  of pro-inammatory cytokines. Finally,  positive  modulation  of the gut  microbiota  has  been observed both  in  experimental  in vivo  studies  and  in clini-cal trials, probably due to lignan activity, although the exact mechanism of action has not  yet been elucidated. The large numbers of experimental in vitro and in vivo studies in animal models suggest  that dietary axseed may be used in  human clinical practice, for instance for gastrointestinal diseases, al-though the number of clinical randomized controlled studies is very  small.  However, the results  discussed  in  this review have conrmed the clinical importance of dietary axseed in cancer, in constipation and in modulation of the gut microbi-ota for relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. Nu-traceuticals are increasing being administered in combination with  normal  drug  treatment for  gastrointestinal disease  and can  provide  signicant symptomatic  improvement.  Regular daily axseed intake is very effective due to its reported ben-ets, particularly its preventive action against bowel cancer. Conict of interest The authors declare that they have no conict of interest.REFERENCES1.  Boonmuen N, Gong P, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan I, Doerge DR, et al. (2016)  Licorice root components in  dietary supplements are selective estrogen receptor modulators with a spectrum of estrogen-ic and anti-estrogenic activities. Steroids 105:42-492.  Taxvig C, Elleby A, Sonne-Hansen K, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Ving-gaard AM, Lykkesfeldt AE, et al.  (2010) Effects  of nutrition  relevant mixtures of phytoestrogens on steroidogenesis, aromatase, estrogen, and androgen activity. Nutr Cancer 62(1):122-1313.  Adlercreutz H, Bannwart C, Wahala K, Makela T, Brunow G, Hase T, et al.  (1993)  Inhibition of human  aromatase  by mammalian  lig-nans and  isoavonoid phytoestrogens. J Steroid  Biochem Mol  Biol 44(2):147-1534.  Adlercreutz H, Mazur W (1977) Phyto-oestrogens and Western dis-eases. Ann Med 29(2):95-120 5.  Ingram D, Sanders K, Kolybaba M, Lopez D (1997) Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet 4;350(9083):990-994Dietary axseed as functional foodFlaxseed  is  becoming important  as  a functional  food,  de-ned as a food or food ingredient that may provide  physi-ological benets and help prevent and/or cure disease [56], based on in vitro studies on cell lines, in vivo studies on ani-mal models and human clinical studies [57]. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the bioactive ingredients of each nutritional component in functional foods and the biochem-ical and pathophysiological basis of metabolic imbalance or diseases that these natural compounds can modify. Flaxseed currently has new prospects as a functional food be-cause of the consumer’s growing interest in foods with health benets. Owing to its excellent nutritional prole and poten-tial health benets, it has become an attractive ingredient in diets specically designed for particular health benets [58]. Flaxseed is considered to be a functional food owing to the presence of three main active constituents: ALA, lignans and dietary bre [59]. ALA is one of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and is  reported  to  exhibit  anti-inammatory, an-tithrombotic and anti-arrhythmic properties [60]. In addition, public health  organizations  recommend  that  omega-3 fatty acids be incorporated into the diet. In this context, axseed is the best omega-3 fatty acid source for non-sh eaters. Con-sequently, axseed has been proposed as a nutritional addi-tive for different foods, such as baked cereal products, ready-to-eat  cereals,  bre  bars,  salad  toppings,  meat  extenders, bread, mufns and spaghetti [61, 62]. Lignans  contain phy-toestrogens which have been  reported  to  reduce the risk of hormone-dependent cancers, heart disease and osteoporosis [63, 64]. Finally, the water-binding capacity of the insoluble bre in  axseed increases intestinal  bulk, which is effective for the treatment of bowel inammation and functional gas-trointestinal  diseases.  Soluble  bre from  axseed mucilage increases the viscosity of intestinal contents and delays gas-tric emptying and nutrient absorption [65]. Clinical trials have conrmed that axseed contains  impor-tant quantities of compounds with functional and bioactive properties  which  are  effective  for  disease  prevention  and have therapeutic benets. This encourages the development of  new  branded  healthy  and  functional  foods  using  ax-seeds, axseed oil and axseed cake. However, more in vivo studies are  required  to  validate  the  health  benets of ax-seed constituents and to determine the minimum amount of axseed required for its therapeutic potential to be realised in various population groups, including pregnant and lactat-ing women, and to determine possible  side  effects.  Rapid, reproducible  and  economic  techniques for  the  analysis  of nutraceuticals from axseed need to be developed.

8www.ceceditore.comNutrafoods (2017) 16:1-9 Original research22.  Kristensen M, Jensen MG, Aarestrup J, Petersen KE, Sondergaard L, Mikkelsen MS, et al. (2012) Flaxseed dietary bers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but magnitude of effect depend on food type. Nutr Metab (Lond) 9:823.  Wang ZY, Agarwal R, Zhou ZC, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H (1991) An-timutagenic and antitumorigenic  activities of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Mutat Res 261(3):153-16224.  Yang K, Lamprecht SA,  Liu Y, Shinozaki H, Fan K,  Leung D, et al. (2000)  Chemoprevention  studies of  the  avonoids  quercetin  and rutin in  normal and azoxymethane-treated  mouse  colon. Carcino-genesis 21(9):1655-166025.  Belman S, Solomon J, Segal A, Block E, Barany G (1989) Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase and mouse skin tumor promotion by onion and garlic components. 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Anticancer Res 18(3A):1405-140831.  Williams D, Verghese M, Walker LT, Boateng J, Shackelford L, Cha-wan CB (2007) Flax seed oil  and ax seed meal reduce the forma-tion  of  aberrant  crypt  foci (ACF)  in  azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in Fisher 344 male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 45(1):153-15932.  Bommareddy A, Arasada BL, Mathees DP, Dwivedi C (2006) Chem-opreventive effects of dietary axseed on colon tumor development. Nutr Cancer 54(2):216-22233.  Hernandez-Salazar M, Guevara-Gonzalez RG, Cruz-Hernandez A, Guevara-Olvera L, Bello-Perez LA, Castano-Tostado E, et al. (2013) Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum  L.) and its  total non-digestible frac-tion inuence  the expression of  genes  involved in  azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 68(3):259-26734.  Bommareddy A, Zhang X, Schrader D, Kaushik RS, Zeman D, Mat-thees DP, et al. (2009) Effects of dietary axseed on intestinal tumo-rigenesis in Apc(Min) mouse. Nutr Cancer 61(2):276-28335.  Jenab M, Rickard SE,  Orcheson LJ, Thompson LU  (1999)  Flaxseed and lignans increase cecal beta-glucuronidase activity in rats. Nutr Cancer 33(2):154-1586.  Kuiper GG, Lemmen JG, Carlsson B, Corton JC, Safe SH, van der Saag PT,  et al. (1998) Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestro-gens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 139(10):4252-42637.  Miksicek RJ (1994) Interaction of naturally occurring  nonsteroidal estrogens with expressed  recombinant human  estrogen  receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 49(2-3):153-1608.  Glazier MG, Bowman MA (2001) A review of the  evidence for the use of  phytoestrogens as  a replacement for  traditional estrogen  re-placement therapy. Arch Intern Med 14;161(9):1161-11729.  Duncan AM, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS (2003) Phyto-oestrogens. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 17(2):253-27110.  Magee PJ, Rowland IR (2004) Phyto-oestrogens, their mechanism of action: current evidence for a role in breast and prostate cancer. Br J Nutr 91(4):513-53111.  Cockerell KM, Watkins AS, Reeves LB, Goddard L, Lomer MC (2012) Effects of linseeds on the  symptoms of  irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 25(5):435-44312.  Xu J, Zhou X, Chen C, Deng Q, Huang Q, Yang J, et al. (2012) Laxa-tive effects of partially defatted axseed meal on normal and experi-mental constipated mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 12:1413.  Martinchik AN,  Baturin AK,  Zubtsov VV, Molofeev  V  (2012) Nu-tritional  value  and  functional  properties  of  axseed.  Vopr  Pitan 81(3):4-1014.  Tarpila  A, Wennberg T, Tarpila  S  (2005) Flaxseed  as  a  functional food. Curr Top Nutraceut Res 3:167-18815.  Bassett CM,  Rodriguez-Leyva  D,  Pierce  GN. (2009)  Experimental and clinical research ndings on the cardiovascular benets of con-suming axseed. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34(5):965-97416.  Adlercreutz H,  Mousavi Y, Hockerstedt  K  (1992) Diet  and  breast cancer. Acta Oncol 31(2):175-18117.  Serraino M, Thompson LU (1992) The effect of axseed supplemen-tation on the initiation and promotional stages of mammary tumori-genesis. Nutr Cancer 17(2):153-15918.  Serraino M, Thompson LU (1991) The effect of axseed supplemen-tation on early  risk  markers  for  mammary  carcinogenesis.  Cancer Lett 60(2):135-14219.  Warrand J, Michaud P, Picton L, Muller G, Courtois B, Ralainirina R, et al. (2005)  Structural investigations of the  neutral polysaccharide of Linum usitatissimum L. seeds mucilage. Int J Biol Macromol 35(3-4):121-12520.  Kristensen M, Damgaard TW, Sorensen AD, Raben A,  Lindelov TS, Thomsen AD, et al. (2008) Whole axseeds but not sunower seeds in rye bread reduce  apparent  digestibility  of  fat  in  healthy  volun-teers. Eur J Clin Nutr 62(8):961-96721.  Kristensen M, Savorani F, Christensen S, Engelsen SB, Bugel S, Tou-bro  S, et al.  (2013)  Flaxseed  dietary bers  suppress postprandial lipemia and  appetite sensation  in young  men. Nutr  Metab Cardio-vasc Dis 23(2):136-143

www.ceceditore.comOriginal research Nutrafoods (2017) 16:1-99Dietary  axseed  intake  exacerbates acute  colonic  mucosal injury and inammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 306(12):G1042-G105551.  Stolova J, Szabadosova V, Hrckova G, Salaj  R, Bertkova I,  Hijova E, et al.  (2015)  Co-administration  of  a  probiotic  strain  Lactobacil-lus plantarum LS/07  CCM7766  with prebiotic inulin  alleviates the intestinal inammation  in  rats exposed  to  N,N-dimethylhydrazine. Int Immunopharmacol 24(2):361-36852.  Nemcova R,  Borovska  D, Koscova  J,  Gancarcikova S,  Mudronova D, Buleca V, et al. (2012) The effect of supplementation of ax-seed oil  on  interaction of  Lactobacillus plantarum--Biocenol LP96  and Escherichia coli O8:K88ab:H9  in the  gut  of  germ-free  piglets.  Res Vet Sci 93(1):39-4153.  Brahe LK,  Le Chatelier  E,  Prifti  E, Pons  N, Kennedy  S,  Blaedel T, et al.  (2015)  Dietary  modulation  of  the  gut  microbiota--a  ran-domised controlled trial in obese postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 114(3):406-41754.  Jonecova  Z, Toth  S,  Ciccocioppo R,  Rodrigo L,  Kruzliak P,  Nem-cova R  (2015) Inuence  of  dietary  supplementation  with  axseed and lactobacilli  on the mucosal  morphology  and proliferative cell rate in the jejunal mucosa of piglets after weaning.  Int J Exp Pathol 96(3):163-17155.  Lagkouvardos I, Klaring K, Heinzmann SS, Platz S,  Scholz B, Engel KH,  et al. (2015)  Gut  metabolites  and  bacterial  community  net-works  during  a pilot  intervention  study  with  axseeds in  healthy adult men. Mol Nutr Food Res 59(8):1614-162856.  SY A-O  (2005)  Highlights  on functional  foods,  with special  refer-ence to axseed. Nat Fibers 2(3):557.  Vadala M, Palmieri B (2015) [From algae to “functional foods”]. Clin Ter 166(4):e281-30058.  Oomah BD (2001) Flaxseed as a functional food source. J Sci FoodAg-ric 8:559.  Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR  (2015) Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. J Food Sci Technol 52(4):1857-187160.  Simopoulos AP  (1999) Essential  fatty acids  in health  and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 70(3 Suppl):560S-569S61.  Singh KK, Mridula D, Rehal J, Barnwal P (2011) Flaxseed: a potential source of food, feed and ber. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 51(3):210-22262.  Singh KK, Jhamb S, Kumar R (2011) Effect of pretreatments on per-formance of screw pressing for axseed. J Food Process Eng 35(4)63.  Krajcova A, Schulsova V, Hajslova J, Bjelkova M  (2009) Lignans in axseed. Czech J Food Sci 27:364.  Toure  A,  Xu  X (2010)  Flaxseed lignans:  source,  biosynthesis, me-tabolism,  antioxidant  activity,  bio-active  components  and  health benets. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9(8):26165.  Rebole A, Rodriguez  ML, Ortiz LT, Alzueta  C, Centeno C, Trevino J (2002) Mucilage in linseed: effects on the intestinal viscosity and nutrient digestion in broiler chicks. J Sci Food Agric 82:

Flaxseeds have recently gained a lot of popularity as a vegetarian source of omega 3 fatty acids. This fiber-rich seed has gained a lot of popularity in the recent times as a weight loss friendly seed. Plus the phytochemicals and lignans make it beneficial for everyone, especially for women. Flaxseeds surely are healthy, but due to the extensive hype, the side effects of this seed are usually ignored. As a result, you end up consuming way too much of these seeds and land in a disturbed health condition.

What can shorten duration of menstrual flow with diarrhea, vomiting indicate? - Dr. Teena S Thomas

Also read: Flaxseeds, The Super Seed For Weight Loss! Know All About It

Here's a list of the possible side effects of flaxseeds:

1. Loose stools

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These fibre-rich seeds may, in fact, induce loose stools if consumed in large quantities. When consumed in limited quantities, it prevents constipation and ensures regular and healthy bowel movements. However, an excess of flaxseeds can increase the frequency and count of your bowel movements. It can even lead to diarrhea in some cases and IBS. And those who already are suffering from these health conditions should avoid flaxseeds in all circumstances.

2. Intestinal blockage

Experts say that consuming too much of flaxseeds without enough fluids can lead to intestinal blockage and obstructions. Those who have already dealt with such conditions are expected to avoid these seeds. - Scleroderma patients should be cautious about flax seed intake because it can cause severe constipation and bowel obstruction. In fact flaxseed oil is effectively used in the treatment of scleroderma.

Also read: These 10 Seeds Have Tremendous Nutritional Value

3. Allergic reactions

Some people report allergic reactions due to excess consumption of these seeds. Prolonged obstructed breathing, low blood pressure levels and anaphylaxis are the most commonly reported allergic reactions of flaxseeds. Other reactions include nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting.

4. For women trying to conceive

These brown seeds mimic the action of estrogen and women who consume flaxseeds regularly experience changes in their menstrual cycles. Women experiencing hormone related conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer should be cautious about overuse of flaxseed. These disturbances can end up in infertility.

5. Unsafe during pregnancy

Due to their estrogen like effect, flaxseeds can induce menstrual cycles. So it is not recommended for expectant mothers because these seeds can induce periods and harm the baby and the mother in an unexpected way.

 

6. Reactions with other medication

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Flaxseeds, rich in fibre, can block the digestive tract and prevent the absorption of certain medication and supplements. So when on oral medication, one must avoid consuming flaxseeds. They may also change the effects of blood thinning medication and blood sugar medicines. So check with your doctor before you include flaxseeds in your diet. 

According to Pooja Malhotra, a Delhi based nutritionist, Consumption of flax seeds in moderation has several established benefits like lowering of blood sugar, blood cholesterol, help in treating autoimmune disorders. They are also a good source of fibre, minerals, omega 3 fatty acids, antioxidants etc. Some of the benefits are yet not established by conclusive evidence. Yet over consumption of flax seed of the sake of loosing weight is not advisable as it can produce some serious side effects. Infact, excessive consumption of any food is not advisable, even though it may be healthy otherwise. Ones needs to strike a balance and consume balanced meals.

Flaxseeds have hit the headlines for all the right reasons, with the goodness of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant lignans (the naturally occurring form of estrogen), micronutrients such as copper and magnesium, vitamins B1, B2, and B6, and mucilage packing a punch in every seed.1

Doctors and nutritionists are recommending flaxseeds as a dietary supplement. Numerous studies vouch that they can help lower cholesterol, aid weight loss, and even lower the risk of cancer. They can also help keep your skin, nail, and hair healthy.2

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Is the picture all rosy though? While flaxseeds are mother nature’s answer to many of our ailments, there are a few possible side effects you need to look out for.

1. Diarrhea Or Constipation

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One likely effect is on the digestive system. Eating flaxseeds can have gastrointestinal side effects and can significantly increase the number of bowel movements you have in a day. This means multiple trips to the bathroom to alleviate bloating, stomach pain, constipation, diarrhea, and the like.

There are two reasons why things could go a bit off track with flaxseeds, especially when you overdo them. One, the high fiber content of flaxseeds can be too much at times for some of us with a more delicate digestive system. Second, the mucilage in flaxseeds can have a strong laxative effect. As much as it can help in both diarrhea and constipation, flaxseeds can also backfire (pun unintended!) and have the reverse effect.3

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Flaxseeds should ideally be had with water or other fluids – else, it could worsen constipation and even cause an intestinal block.4

2. Estrogen Imbalance

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The phytoestrogenic nature of flaxseeds can have a downside. It’s often a mixed bag for some women – flaxseeds can help treat hormonal imbalances and ease menopausal difficulties like hot flashes on one side but they can also significantly alter the menstrual cycle on the other. The estrogen content can even interfere with sexual development and fertility if taken in excess.5

3. Allergic Reaction

If you are prone to allergies, especially related to cereals or grains, check for any possible allergic reaction to flaxseeds before you include them in your diet. The seeds have been known to cause vomiting, nausea, and allergic reactions, even leading to life-threatening anaphylaxis in some cases.6 It can truly be an occupational hazard if you work in close proximity to flaxseed powder, maybe as a chef or baker (the powder is a great egg substitute too). It has been found to cause mild rhinitis – that is, stuffy nose due to the swelling of the mucous membranes in the nose – or asthma when inhaled regularly.7

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4. Increased Risk Of Premature Birth

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Pregnancy is a time to exercise extra caution about what you eat and don’t eat. Even seemingly harmless natural foods can cause an untoward reaction; so it’s best to check with your doctor if are veering off your regular diet. As it turns out, flaxseed oil is to be avoided by pregnant women, especially in their second or third semester – the risk of premature birth and low birth weight has been found to increase almost four times.8

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5. Reaction With Other Medication

We know that flaxseeds are high in fiber and tend to block the digestive passage in a way. They can also reduce the absorption of other medicines or supplements and are best avoided when you are taking other oral medication.9 They may also interfere with or modulate the effects of certain medication like blood thinning or blood sugar medicines. So talk to your doctor before you add them to your diet.10

More Than 1 Spoon Of Flaxseeds May Have Side Effects

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Doctors recommend just a spoonful a day for the seed to work its magic. It’s best that the seeds are soaked or powdered before eating for easier absorption by the body. In fact, flaxseeds in whole or oil form can be quite difficult for the digestive tract to process and can lead to severe gastrointestinal issues when consumed regularly.11

The Benefits Outweigh The Risk

So is this one more superfood flying out the window? Not necessarily! The goodness of flaxseeds far outweighs the possible downsides. Add the powder to just about anything – flour, batter, cereals, smoothies, or just plain yogurt, and your body has a lot to be thankful for – cardiovascular protection, a healthy digestive system, and hormonal balance being key. So do get in those flaxseeds, but remember, moderation is the operative word!

Flaxseed is a plant-based food that has its origin in southern Europe and Asia. These golden-yellow to reddish-brown seeds have also been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. The seeds are considered healthy, as they provide good fats, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and fibre. Furthermore, flaxseeds are rich in lignans, and have both estrogen and antioxidant properties.

Ask The Doctor: Is it normal to have diarrhea before menstruating?

However, just like everything, flaxseeds too have side effects, if not consumed in moderation! These include constipation, allergic reactions, bleeding disorders, and much more.

Here are the seven side-effects of flaxseeds:

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1. May cause allergic reactions

There is a high chance you may have an allergy to flaxseeds and flaxseeds oil. You should stop consuming these seeds, if you notice any itching, swelling, redness, or hives. Vomiting and nausea could also be an indicator of an allergy. Those who consume flaxseeds frequently are more likely to develop allergic reactions.

2. Might worsen inflammation in the body

Flaxseeds contain inflammation-reducing omega-3 fatty acids, but according to a study published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, flaxseeds can prove to be problematic. Yes, if consumed in large amounts, it could exacerbate inflammation in the body. 

3. Beware, if you’re trying to conceive

Flaxseeds often act like estrogen, and that means it could hamper the hormonal balance in your body. In certain cases, it could also lead to changes in the menstrual cycle. There are some women, who also experience other hormonal issues like PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), uterine fibroids, uterine cancer, and ovarian diseases. 

4. Unsafe during pregnancy and lactation

Due to their striking similarity with estrogen, flaxseeds may be harmful for pregnant women. Therefore, it is advised to consume flaxseeds, only if your doctor deems it fit.

side effects of flax seeds

Avoid flax seeds during pregnancy. Image courtesy: Shutterstock

5. May induce loose stools

Flaxseeds are rich in dietary fibre, but a sudden increase in consumption can increase the number of bowel movements. You may also experience stomach ache, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating. 

6. It may lead to Intestinal blockage

Flaxseeds should ideally be had with water or any other fluid, but if you consume it without enough liquid, you could end up with intestinal blockage and obstructions. It is particularly dangerous for patients with scleroderma, because flaxseeds can cause severe constipation and blockage. So, don’t consume it unless your doctor gives you a go-ahead!

7. Reactive with other medication

Because flax seeds are high in fibre, they contribute to intestinal blockage and constipation. In this condition, the absorption of certain medications and supplements gets inhibited. It is best to avoid it, especially when you’re on oral medication to reduce blood sugar levels.

So, keep in mind to consume it in moderation!

  

Aayushi Gupta Aayushi Gupta

Candid, outspoken, but prudent--Aayushi is exploring her place in media world.

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Home Healthy Eating Nutrition Here are 4 efficient ways of cutting gluten out of your diet

NUTRITIONHere are 4 efficient ways of cutting gluten out of your diet

Published on: 23 April 2021, 17:31 pm IST

Removing gluten from your meals does not translate into compromising with taste or nutrient quotient. Here are tips on cutting gluten out of your diet in a healthy way.

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gluten-free dietLearn how to cut out gluten from your diet while maintaining the nutrient balance. Image courtesy: Shutterstock

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There are a lot of diet restrictions that come into fashion, only for people to realize they’re not good for their health. Avoiding gluten is one such practice that became famous but soon, people realized that such a restriction is only applicable to those who are allergic or intolerant to it.

For the uninitiated, gluten is a family of storage proteins that are found in some of the most commonly used cereals such as wheat, rye and barley. Gluten provides these cereals with the ‘glue-like’ sticky consistency. 

However, certain people don’t tolerate the presence of gluten in their diet too well. In fact, gluten intolerance can have a variety of symptoms such as diarrhoea, bloating, abdominal pain, fatigue, headaches and weight management issues. If you suspect that gluten doesn’t suit you, you can speak to a doctor and even go for a blood test for confirmation. The real challenge, however, is adopting a gluten-free diet that is able to provide you with all the nutrients.

Here are 4 efficient and healthy ways to cut gluten from your diet:

1. Include more fruits

All varieties of fruits are free of gluten. So, by including more fruits in your diet, you would eliminate gluten and optimize your consumption of nutrients that otherwise are not forming part of your diet. Fruit such as blueberries, bananas and oranges are especially recommended as they are low on fructose, making them easier to digest and contain inulin, a substance that stimulates the growth of good bacteria in the gut.  

gluten-free diet

Add fruits to your diet as they are naturally free of gluten. Image courtesy: Shutterstock

2. Increase your portion of vegetables

Vegetables are naturally gluten-free and hence, increasing their portion in your meals would help cut down on gluten and give you a feeling of being full for longer durations as well.

For example, consider adding broccoli and spinach to your diet as they pack a solid nutritional punch in the form of antioxidants, fibre, protein, iron, potassium, calcium, selenium, magnesium, as well as vitamins A, B, C, E and K.

gluten-free diet

Gluten-free products are proven to be beneficial. Image courtesy: Shutterstock

3. Add lentils to your meals

Adding lentils to your meals is a great way to supplement your diet with an ingredient that is naturally gluten-free and high on protein. Lentils are packed with iron, fiber, vitamins and minerals and help to add texture to the meals.   

gluten-free diet

Lentils are packed with health-promoting nutrients! Image courtesy: Unsplash

4. Always check for ingredients list on food packages before buying

It is common practice for food manufacturers to add gluten to processed foods to improve texture, taste and shelf life. While it’s advisable to only mostly consume whole foods such as fruits and vegetables, in case you find yourself buying packaged foods, remember to always check the back of the packaging to find out its nutrition profile. Read food labels and try to choose low-sodium, unsaturated fats and gluten-free alternatives to the foods and beverages you normally buy.

So, while for many of you, it may not be feasible to completely eliminate gluten from your meals, there are certainly alternatives available to ensure lower consumption of gluten and higher intake of nutritious and wholesome foods.

Ground flaxseeds supply essential omega-3 fatty acids and substances that act like estrogen called lignans. They also have the potential to cause diarrhea, but if you're careful about the amount you consume, you can gain the benefits and minimize the risks. Be aware that active ingredients in flaxseeds can interact with some medications and may not be safe for everyone, so consult your physician before adding ground flaxseeds to your diet.

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Fiber in Flaxseed

One good reason to add ground flaxseeds to your diet is to boost fiber consumption. On the flip side, fiber is the reason it may cause diarrhea, reports the University of Maryland Medical Center. A typical serving of ground flaxseed is 1/2 to 1 tablespoon in a smoothie, a bowl of oatmeal or one muffin. One tablespoon has about 2 grams of fiber, which includes a combination of soluble and insoluble fiber. Insoluble fiber is known for helping pass stools. Some of the soluble fiber is in the form of a substance called mucilage, which also has a laxative effect. The amount of fiber in just 1 tablespoon of ground flaxseed provides 8 percent of women's recommended intake and 5 percent of men's daily fiber.

Impact on Digestive Tract

Ground flaxseed may increase the number of bowel movements you have each day or may cause the more extreme side effect of diarrhea. In fact, it's actually used as a laxative to treat constipation, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. You may also experience other gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, gas, bloating, abdominal pain and a stomachache. Ground flaxseed works as a bulk-forming laxative, which means it absorbs water and makes larger, softer stools. This type of laxative can have the opposite effect, however, and block your intestine if you consume too much.

Minimize Side Effects

If you don't know how much fiber you normally consume, track it for a few days to be sure the fiber in ground flaxseed doesn't add more than you need. Your total daily fiber consumption from all sources should not exceed the recommended intake unless it's under the supervision of your physician. The best way to add ground flaxseed to your diet is to begin with a small amount and increase it very gradually. This slow process gives your body time to adjust and reduces the risk of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems. It's also essential to drink at least eight glasses of water or caffeine-free beverages every day to avoid an intestinal blockage.

Safety Concerns

The lignans in flaxseed may not be safe for women who are pregnant or breast feeding. Because its active ingredients may impair blood clotting, affect blood sugar or exert an estrogenlike effect, talk to your doctor before consuming ground flaxseed if you have a bleeding disorder, diabetes or a hormone-sensitive medical condition. Steer clear of flaxseed if you take medications such as diuretics, acetaminophen or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs because it may interact with them. You should also avoid ground flaxseed if you have a swollen esophagus or a history of any type of intestinal blockage.

Lignans are found in flaxseed, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, whole grains and nuts. There are not any known side effects from lignan usage. However, very high flaxseed consumption of 35 grams (note our product with the highest lignan dosage is 35 milligrams, not grams) or more per day can cause diarrhea. Since our lignan capsules contain around 30mg (1/1000th of the amount that could cause diarrhea) of lignans each, this would be the equivalent of eating more than one whole bottle of flaxseed lignans per day.

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There are not sufficient studies on the effects of lignans on pregnant or lactating women; therefore it is advisable for women who are pregnant, breast feeding, or who are trying to get pregnant to avoid them or consult their doctor before taking them.

Some people may have sesame seed allergies. If you are allergic to sesame seeds, it is possible that you will also have an allergy to sesame seed lignans. If you have a flaxseed allergy, it is also possible you will have an allergy to flaxseed lignans.

In less than 5% of cases, a human or dog may have an allergy to flaxseed, HMR lignans, or sesamin. Always consult your vet or doctor before trying or giving your dog any new supplements.