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Burns: Classification and Treatment

Burns occur when a person comes in contact with fire or a hot liquid, causing damage to the layers of the skin and pain. The severity, or how bad a burn injury is, depends on the temperature of the burning substance or surface and the duration of contact with the skin.

Common Causes of Burns

Fire and flame injuries are most common causes, followed by scalds, contact with a hot object, and electrical injuries. The vast majority of burn injuries happen in the home, and can be caused by many things, including dry or wet heat, chemicals, heated objects, electricity or friction.

Scald burns comprise 35 percent of overall injuries admitted to burn centers in the United States. More than 60 percent involve children five years old and younger. These burns are typically a result of exposure to hot tap water or food and beverages heated on a stove or in a microwave. They are extremely painful and potentially life-threatening.

Each year, the UC San Diego Health Regional Burn Center admits approximately 450 patients, from infants to adults, and treats hundreds more as outpatients.

Understanding Skin

To understand different kinds of burns, it is helpful to know about skin.

The skin is the largest organ of the body. The average adult has 18 square feet of skin, which accounts for 16 percent of total body weight.

Your skin:

Acts as a physical barrier for you to the outside world

Protects you against infection and injury

Provides a water-tight barrier

Helps regulate body temperature

Contains glands that lubricate and moisturize your skin

Undergoes constant repair and regeneration

Lacerations, abrasions or burns alter the skin's ability to protect and buffer you from your surroundings.

Anatomy of the Skin

Anatomy of the skin illustration

The epidermis is the thin top layer of the skin.

The dermis is the thicker underlayer. It contains the sweat glands, hair follicles and nerve endings that feel pain.

The subcutaneous tissue (or hypodermis) is the next layer. This fat layer helps the body to maintain temperature. Underneath the subcutaneous layer is muscle and bone.

Types of Burns

First-Degree or Superficial Burns

A first-degree burn is damage to the first or outer layer of skin (epidermis). It is pink, red, dry and painful, but generally mild. An example of a first-degree burn is a sunburn. If the burn is kept clean and moist, it will usually heal over a week or two. Some peeling will occur and there is no scarring.

Second-Degree or Partial-Thickness Burns

2nd degree burn

A second-degree burn affects a deeper layer of the skin. There is damage to the top layer or epidermis and some damage to the second layer of skin or dermis. There are blisters, which may be broken or intact, and swelling. The skin under the blisters is wet, weepy, pink and painful. This type of burn may occur from a scald, hot grease or contact with a hot surface, such as a curling iron.

Second-degree burns are divided into two categories based upon the depth of the burn:

Superficial second-degree burns typically heal with conservative care (no surgery required) in one to three weeks. Topical medications are placed on the burn wound. Daily wound bandage changes are the norm. New epidermis grows in one to three weeks with proper wound care.

Deep second-degree burns appear more pale than pink. The skin is drier and the sensation of that skin can be diminished. Sometimes, these burns will need surgery for skin grafting. This decision cannot be made in the first few days, and a short course of conservative treatment (topical medications) will be tried to allow wounds to heal, if possible.

Third-Degree or Full-Thickness Burns

In a third-degree burn, all layers of the skin are destroyed. Blisters may be present and color of the skin varies (red, pale pink, white and tan). Typically, these burns have very diminished pain. If a burn DOES NOT hurt, it may be a third-degree burn. These burns usually require surgery for skin grafting.

Initial Treatment for Small Burns in the First 48 Hours

Ice is not recommended as an initial treatment for burns because it can decrease circulation and make the burn worse. Soaking the burn in cool water is fine. Do not put any food-based products on the burn as this may cause infection and make it more difficult to clean the wound. Clean the wound daily with mild soap and water. This can usually be done in the shower or bath. Treat small burns with over-the-counter topical antibiotic ointment, like Polysporin or Neosporin, until healed. Keep the wound covered with a bandage. Burns heal better in a moist, covered environment.

When to Seek Burn Treatment at UC San Diego Health

Seek treatment from the UC San Diego Health Regional Burn Center if the burn is third-degree; goes over a joint; goes all the way around a limb, finger or toe (circumferential); can't be easily bandaged; or if pain is out of control.

Burns Nursing Care, Treatment, Degrees, Pathophysiology, Management, NCLEX Review

We also provide comprehensive rehabilitation services for people who have sustained serious burns. The goal of the therapy for burn injury recovery is to return you to the highest possible functional level of independence. A physical or occupational therapist, or both, will work with you through the complete recovery phase during your hospital stay. You may need to attend outpatient therapy sessions after your discharge from the hospital.

Infection will usually not be seen until at least three to four days after a burn injury. The wound could be infected if there is expanding redness around the wound (some redness on the edges of the wound is normal), yellow or green drainage, or if you develop a fever unrelated to other illness.

Most burns that heal within three weeks will not scar with proper sun protection. However, a person's ethnic background or genetic predisposition to scarring will also affect cosmetic appearance and potential for scarring.

If you go to a doctor for burn treatment, he or she will assess the severity of your burn by examining your skin. He or she may recommend that you be transferred to a burn center if your burn covers more than 10 percent of your total body surface area, is very deep, is on the face, feet or groin, or meets other criteria established by the American Burn Association.

Your doctor will check for other injuries and might order lab tests, X-rays or other diagnostic procedures.

More Information

Chest X-rays

Upper endoscopy

Treatment

Most minor burns can be treated at home. They usually heal within a couple of weeks.

For serious burns, after appropriate first aid and wound assessment, your treatment may involve medications, wound dressings, therapy and surgery. The goals of treatment are to control pain, remove dead tissue, prevent infection, reduce scarring risk and regain function.

People with severe burns may require treatment at specialized burn centers. They may need skin grafts to cover large wounds. And they may need emotional support and months of follow-up care, such as physical therapy.

Medical treatment

After you have received first aid for a major burn, your medical care may include medications and products that are intended to encourage healing.

Water-based treatments. Your care team may use techniques such as ultrasound mist therapy to clean and stimulate the wound tissue.

Fluids to prevent dehydration. You may need intravenous (IV) fluids to prevent dehydration and organ failure.

Pain and anxiety medications. Healing burns can be incredibly painful. You may need morphine and anti-anxiety medications — particularly for dressing changes.

Burn creams and ointments. If you are not being transferred to a burn center, your care team may select from a variety of topical products for wound healing, such as bacitracin and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene). These help prevent infection and prepare the wound to close.

Dressings. Your care team may also use various specialty wound dressings to prepare the wound to heal. If you are being transferred to a burn center, your wound will likely be covered in dry gauze only.

Drugs that fight infection. If you develop an infection, you may need IV antibiotics.

Tetanus shot. Your doctor might recommend a tetanus shot after a burn injury.

Physical and occupational therapy

If the burned area is large, especially if it covers any joints, you may need physical therapy exercises. These can help stretch the skin so that the joints can remain flexible. Other types of exercises can improve muscle strength and coordination. And occupational therapy may help if you have difficulty doing your normal daily activities.

Surgical and other procedures

You may need one or more of the following procedures:

How to care for your child's healing skin after a burn / Soigner une brûlure en voie de guérison

Breathing assistance. If you've been burned on the face or neck, your throat may swell shut. If that appears likely, your doctor may insert a tube down your windpipe (trachea) to keep oxygen supplied to your lungs.

Feeding tube. People with extensive burns or who are undernourished may need nutritional support. Your doctor may thread a feeding tube through your nose to your stomach.

Easing blood flow around the wound. If a burn scab (eschar) goes completely around a limb, it can tighten and cut off the blood circulation. An eschar that goes completely around the chest can make it difficult to breathe. Your doctor may cut the eschar to relieve this pressure.

Skin grafts. A skin graft is a surgical procedure in which sections of your own healthy skin are used to replace the scar tissue caused by deep burns. Donor skin from deceased donors or pigs can be used as a temporary solution.

Plastic surgery. Plastic surgery (reconstruction) can improve the appearance of burn scars and increase the flexibility of joints affected by scarring.

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Lifestyle and home remedies

To treat minor burns, follow these steps:

Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water or apply a cool, wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue.

Remove rings or other tight items. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the burned area swells.

Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.

Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.

Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.

Take a pain reliever. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.

Consider a tetanus shot. Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.

Whether your burn was minor or serious, use sunscreen and moisturizer regularly once the wound is healed.

Coping and support

Coping with a serious burn injury can be a challenge, especially if it covers large areas of your body or is in places readily seen by other people, such as your face or hands. Potential scarring, reduced mobility and possible surgeries add to the burden.

Consider joining a support group of other people who have had serious burns and know what you're going through. You may find comfort in sharing your experience and struggles and meeting people who face similar challenges. Ask your doctor for information on support groups in your area or online.

Preparing for your appointment

Seek emergency medical care for burns that are deep or involve your hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, a major joint or a large area of the body. Your emergency room physician may recommend examination by a skin specialist (dermatologist), burn specialist, surgeon or other specialist.

For other burns, you may need an appointment with your family doctor. The information below can help you prepare.

List questions you want to ask your doctor, such as:

Do I need treatment for the burn?

What are my treatment options and the pros and cons of each?

What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?

Can I wait to see if the burn heals on its own?

Do I need prescription medication, or can I use over-the-counter medications to treat the burn?

What results can I expect?

What skin care routines do you recommend while the burn heals?

What kind of follow-up, if any, will I need?

What changes in my skin might I expect to see as it heals?

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

How did the burn occur?

Do you have other symptoms?

Do you have underlying health conditions, such as diabetes?

What at-home burn treatments have you used, if any?

Have you noticed any changes in the appearance of the burn?

What is a burn?

A burn occurs when heat, chemicals, sunlight, electricity or radiation damages skin tissue. Most burns happen accidentally. There are different degrees of burns. Your healthcare provider determines the seriousness (degree) of a burn based on the depth of the burn and the amount of affected skin. Burns can be painful. Left untreated, a burn can lead to infection.

How common are burns?

Close to half a million people go to the emergency department every year with burn injuries. Children are at high risk for accidental burns. Every day, more than 300 children receive emergency treatment for burn injuries.

Burns | How To Treat Burns | How To Treat A Burn

Who might get a burn?

Accidental burns can happen to anyone, although children, teenagers and older people are most at risk. These age groups are more prone to burn injuries from cooking, such as spilling a boiling pan of water onto skin. Children and teens are also more likely to mess around with lighters, matches and fireworks or get sunburns.

What are the types of burns?

Healthcare providers classify burns by degrees of severity. Your provider will evaluate the extent of skin damage. Burn degrees include:

First-degree burns are mild (like most sunburns). The top layer of skin (epidermis) turns red and is painful but doesn’t typically blister.

Second-degree burns affect skin’s top and lower layers (dermis). You may experience pain, redness, swelling and blistering.

Third-degree burns affect all three skin layers: epidermis, dermis and fat. The burn also destroys hair follicles and sweat glands. Because third-degree burns damage nerve endings, you probably won’t feel pain in the area of the burn itself, rather adjacent to it. Burned skin may be black, white or red with a leathery appearance.

SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES

What causes burns?

Many things can cause a burn. Thermal sources, including fire, hot liquids, steam and contact with hot surfaces, are the most common causes of burns. Other causes include exposure to:

Chemicals, such as cement, acids or drain cleaners.

Radiation.

Electricity.

Sun (ultraviolet or UV light).

What are the signs of burns?

Burn symptoms vary depending on the severity or degree of the burn. Symptoms are often worse during the first few hours or days after the burn. Burn symptoms include:

Blisters.

Pain.

Swelling.

White or charred (black) skin.

Peeling skin.

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS

How are burns diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will examine the burn to determine the degree or severity. This process involves estimating the percentage of the body affected by the burn and its depth. Your provider may classify the burn as:

Minor: First- and second-degree burns that cover less than 10% of the body are considered minor and rarely require hospitalization.

Moderate: Second-degree burns that cover about 10% of the body are classified as moderate. Burns on the hands, feet, face or genitals can range from moderate to severe.

Severe: Third-degree burns that cover more than 1% of the body are considered severe.

MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

How are burns managed or treated?

Burn treatment varies depending on the cause and severity. You need to keep all burns clean and apply proper bandages/dressing depending on the severity of the wounds. Treating the person’s pain is key: inadequate control can interfere with wound care.

Continue to check wounds for signs of infection and other long term issues, such as scarring and tightening of the skin over joints and muscles, which makes them difficult to move.

Treatments by burn type include:

First-degree burns: Run cool water over the burn. Don’t apply ice. For sunburns, apply aloe vera gel. For thermal burns, apply antibiotic cream and cover lightly with gauze. You can also take over-the-counter pain medication.

Second-degree burns: Treatment for second- and first-degree burns is similar. Your healthcare provider may prescribe a stronger antibiotic cream that contains silver, such as silver sulfadiazine, to kill bacteria. Elevating the burned area can reduce pain and swelling.

Third-degree burns: Third-degree burns can be life-threatening and often require skin grafts. Skin grafts replace damaged tissue with healthy skin from another of the uninjured part of the person’s body. The area where the skin graft is taken from generally heals on its own. If the person does not have enough skin available for a graft at the time of injury, a temporary source of graft can come from a deceased donor or a human-made (artificial) source but these will eventually need to be replace by the person’s own skin. Treatment also includes extra fluids (usually given intravenously, with an IV) to keep blood pressure steady and prevent shock and dehydration.

What are the complications of burns?

Third-degree burns that are deep and affect a large portion of skin are very serious and can be life-threatening. Even first- and second-degree burns can become infected and cause discoloration and scarring. First-degree burns don’t cause scarring.

Doctor V - How To Treat Burns after Hyperpigmentation Treatments | Skin of Colour |

Potential complications of third-degree burns include:

Arrhythmia, or heart rhythm disturbances, caused by an electrical burn.

Dehydration.

Disfiguring scars and contractures.

Edema (excess fluid and swelling in tissues).

Organ failure.

Pneumonia.

Seriously low blood pressure (hypotension) that may lead to shock.

Severe infection that may lead to amputation or sepsis.

PREVENTION

How can I prevent a burn?

Burns have many accidental causes. You can take these steps to reduce the risk of burns:

Wear sunscreen.

Set your home’s hot water heater below 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

Always test the water in a shower or bath before getting in or bathing a child.

Lock up chemicals, lighters and matches.

Use the stove’s back burners as much as possible when cooking, turn handles of pots and pans where they won’t be bumped and don’t leave the stove unattended.

Don’t hold a child when you’re near hot objects, such as the stove.

Set safeguards around a fireplace and never leave a child unattended.

Install and regularly test smoke detectors in your home.

Stock your home with fire extinguishers and know how to use them.

Cover electrical outlets.

OUTLOOK / PROGNOSIS

What is the prognosis (outlook) for people with burns?

With proper treatment, most first- and second-degree burns heal over two to three weeks. Depending on the burn severity, you may have some scarring, which may fade over time. People recovering from third-degree burns need physical and occupational therapy to maintain joint mobility and improve function. Some people develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression after a burn event. Thanks to medical advancements, many people who have burns covering even up to 90% of their bodies survive .

LIVING WITH

When should I call the doctor?

You should call your healthcare provider if you experience:

Burns on the hands, feet, face or genitalia.

Burns that don’t improve after two weeks.

Blistering.

Severe pain.

Fever, yellow or green discharge, or other signs of infection.

Signs of PTSD or depression.

What questions should I ask my doctor?

You may want to ask your healthcare provider:

What degree is the burn?

What is the best treatment for this burn?

What steps can I take to lower the risk of infection?

What steps can I take to lower the risk of scarring?

What steps can I take to lower the future risk of accidental burns?

Should I look out for signs of complications?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Burns happen accidentally. Children and older adults are at highest risk. All deep burns require treatment to prevent infection and scarring. Third-degree burns are the most serious type and can be life-threatening. However, first- and second-degree burns are more painful. If you or a loved one has a blistering burn, prompt medical attention can aid healing. Talk to your healthcare provider about ways to lower your family’s risk of accidental burns.

What are burns?

Why does this skin care product sting? burn? Q&A with dermatologist Dr Dray

Burns are one of the most common household injuries, especially among children. The term “burn” means more than the burning sensation associated with this injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die.

Most people can recover from burns without serious health consequences, depending on the cause and degree of injury. More serious burns require immediate emergency medical care to prevent complications and death.

Pictures of burns

Burn levels

There are three primary types of burns: first-, second-, and third-degree. Each degree is based on the severity of damage to the skin, with first-degree being the most minor and third-degree being the most severe. Damage includes:

first-degree burns: red, nonblistered skin

second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin

third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance

There are also fourth-degree burns. This type of burn includes all of the symptoms of a third-degree burn and also extends beyond the skin into tendons and bones.

Burns have a variety of causes, including:

scalding from hot, boiling liquids

chemical burns

electrical burns

fires, including flames from matches, candles, and lighters

excessive sun exposure

The type of burn is not based on the cause of it. Scalding, for example, can cause all three burns, depending on how hot the liquid is and how long it stays in contact with the skin.

Chemical and electrical burns warrant immediate medical attention because they can affect the inside of the body, even if skin damage is minor.

First-degree burn

First-degree burns cause minimal skin damage. They are also called “superficial burns” because they affect the outermost layer of skin. Signs of a first-degree burn include:

redness

minor inflammation, or swelling

pain

dry, peeling skin occurs as the burn heals

Since this burn affects the top layer of skin, the signs and symptoms disappear once the skin cells shed. First-degree burns usually heal within 7 to 10 days without scarring.

You should still see your doctor if the burn affects a large area of skin, more than three inches, and if it’s on your face or a major joint, which include:

knee

ankle

foot

spine

shoulder

elbow

forearm

First-degree burns are usually treated with home care. Healing time may be quicker the sooner you treat the burn. Treatments for a first-degree burn include:

soaking the wound in cool water for five minutes or longer

taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain relief

applying lidocaine (an anesthetic) with aloe vera gel or cream to soothe the skin

using an antibiotic ointment and loose gauze to protect the affected area

Make sure you don’t use ice, as this may make the damage worse. Never apply cotton balls to a burn because the small fibers can stick to the injury and increase the risk of infection. Also, avoid home remedies like butter and eggs as these are not proven to be effective.

Why NIACINAMIDE BURNS & CAUSES REDNESS| Dr Dray

Second-degree burn

Second-degree burns are more serious because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This type burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and sore.

Some blisters pop open, giving the burn a wet or weeping appearance. Over time, thick, soft, scab-like tissue called fibrinous exudate may develop over the wound.

Due to the delicate nature of these wounds, keeping the area clean and bandaging it properly is required to prevent infection. This also helps the burn heal quicker.

Some second-degree burns take longer than three weeks to heal, but most heal within two to three weeks without scarring, but often with pigment changes to the skin.

The worse the blisters are, the longer the burn will take to heal. In some severe cases, skin grafting is required to fix the damage. Skin grafting takes healthy skin from another area of the body and moves it to the site of the burned skin.

As with first-degree burns, avoid cotton balls and questionable home remedies. Treatments for a mild second-degree burn generally include:

running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer

taking over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen)

applying antibiotic cream to blisters

However, seek emergency medical treatment if the burn affects a widespread area, such as any of the following:

face

hands

buttocks

groin

feet

Third-degree burn

Excluding fourth-degree burns, third-degree burns are the most severe. They cause the most damage, extending through every layer of skin.

There is a misconception that third-degree burns are the most painful. However, with this type of burn the damage is so extensive that there may not be any pain because of nerve damage.

Depending on the cause, the symptoms third-degree burns can exhibit include:

waxy and white color

char

dark brown color

raised and leathery texture

blisters that do not develop

Without surgery, these wounds heal with severe scarring and contracture. There is no set timeline for complete spontaneous healing for third-degree burns.

Never attempt to self-treat a third-degree burn. Call 911 immediately. While you’re waiting for medical treatment, raise the injury above your heart. Don’t get undressed, but make sure no clothing is stuck to the burn.

Complications

Compared with first- and second-degree burns, third-degree burns carry the most risk for complications, such as infections, blood loss, and shock, which is often what could lead to death. At the same time, all burns carry the risk of infections because bacteria can enter broken skin.

Tetanus is another possible complication with burns of all levels. Like sepsis, tetanus is a bacterial infection. It affects the nervous system, eventually leading to problems with muscle contractions. As a rule of thumb, every member of your household should receive updated tetanus shots every 10 years to prevent this type of infection.

Severe burns also carry the risk of hypothermia and hypovolemia. Dangerously low body temperatures characterize hypothermia. While this may seem like an unexpected complication of a burn, the condition is actually prompted by excessive loss of body heat from an injury. Hypovolemia, or low blood volume, occurs when your body loses too much blood from a burn.

Preventing all degrees of burns

The obvious best way to fight burns is to prevent them from happening. Certain jobs put you at a greater risk for burns, but the fact is that most burns happen at home. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable to burns. Preventive measures you can take at home include:

After the Burn: Understanding a burn injury

Keep children out of the kitchen while cooking.

Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove.

Place a fire extinguisher in or near the kitchen.

Test smoke detectors once a month.

Replace smoke detectors every 10 years.

Keep water heater temperature under 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

Measure bath water temperature before use.

Lock up matches and lighters.

Install electrical outlet covers.

Check and discard electrical cords with exposed wires.

Keep chemicals out of reach, and wear gloves during chemical use.

Wear sunscreen every day, and avoid peak sunlight.

Ensure all smoking products are stubbed out completely.

Clean out dryer lint traps regularly.

It’s also important to have a fire escape plan and to practice it with your family once a month. In the event of a fire, make sure to crawl underneath smoke. This will minimize the risk of passing out and becoming trapped in a fire.

Outlook for burns

When properly and quickly treated, the outlook for first- and second-degree burns is good. These burns rarely scar but can result in a change in pigment of the skin that was burned. The key is to minimize further damage and infection. Extensive damage from severe second-degree and third-degree burns can lead to problems in deep skin tissues, bones, and organs. Patients may require:

surgery

physical therapy

rehabilitation

lifelong assisted care

It’s important to gain adequate physical treatment for burns, but don’t forget to find help for your emotional needs. There are support groups available for people who have experienced severe burns, as well as certified counselors. Go online or talk to your doctor to find support groups in your area. You can also use other resources such as Burn Survivor Assistance and the Children’s Burn Foundation.

Burns and scalds are damage to the skin usually caused by heat. Both are treated in the same way.

A burn is caused by dry heat – by an iron or fire, for example. A scald is caused by something wet, such as hot water or steam.

Picture of a burn on the handCredit:

Burns can be very painful and may cause:

red or peeling skin

blisters

swelling

white or charred skin

The amount of pain you feel is not always related to how serious the burn is. Even a very serious burn may be relatively painless.

Treating burns and scalds

To treat a burn, follow the first aid advice below:

immediately get the person away from the heat source to stop the burning

cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes – do not use ice, iced water, or any creams or greasy substances like butter

remove any clothing or jewellery that's near the burnt area of skin, including babies' nappies, but do not move anything that's stuck to the skin

make sure the person keeps warm by using a blanket, for example, but take care not to rub it against the burnt area

cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film over it – a clean plastic bag could also be used for burns on your hand

use painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen to treat any pain

if the face or eyes are burnt, sit up as much as possible, rather than lying down – this helps to reduce swelling

if it's an acid or chemical burn, dial 999, carefully try to remove the chemical and any contaminated clothing, and rinse the affected area using as much clean water as possible

Read more about treating burns and scalds.

When to get medical attention

Depending on how serious a burn is, it may be possible to treat it at home.

For minor burns, keep the burn clean and do not burst any blisters that form.

More serious burns require professional medical attention.

You should go to a hospital A&E department for:

all chemical and electrical burns

large or deep burns – any burn bigger than the injured person's hand

burns that cause white or charred skin – any size

burns on the face, hands, arms, feet, legs or genitals that cause blisters

If someone has breathed in smoke or fumes, they should also seek medical attention.

How Long Does It Take a Burn to Heal? - Alexander Majidian, MD - Reconstructive Surgeon

Some symptoms may be delayed and can include:

coughing

a sore throat

difficulty breathing

facial burns

People at greater risk from the effects of burns, such as children under 5 years old and pregnant women, should also get medical attention after a burn or scald.

The size and depth of the burn will be assessed and the affected area cleaned before a dressing is applied. In severe cases, skin graft surgery may be recommended.

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But first...how does Vicks VapoRub work?

But what is Vicks VapoRub and what actually makes it so damn versatile? Well, each tub of salve contains a powerful blend of ingredients: camphor, menthol, eucalyptus, cedar leaf oil, nutmeg oil, petrolatum, thymol and turpentine oil.

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How do I use Vicks VapoRub?

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15 things to do with Vicks VapoRub

1. Cure insect bites

Because Vicks VapoRub has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, it helps speed up your recovery process. It also takes the swelling down and the menthol helps to soothe any itching.

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It contains camphor, eucalyptus and menthol in a turpentine oil base, which is extremely emollient, so will trap in any moisture.

Put fish skin on your burn

Before bed, apply a generous layer to your heels (or wherever your feet need TLC), then put your socks on over the top. It might even knock your best moisturiser off its pedal stool.

3. Treat athlete's foot

For the same reason above, this salve can also help relieve foot problems like athlete’s foot. Menthol has strong anti-fungal and antibacterial properties that make it effective at killing fungus, and preventing new fungus from growing.

Camphor is also a natural nail fungus fighter, as is cedar leaf oil and thymol, both of which are contained in the Vicks VapoRub formula.

4. Stop your cat from scratching

Put simply, they detest the smell. So if your furry little friend is scratching up the walls (or worse, your legs), apply a small amount of Vicks VapoRub to the area.

5. Relieve headaches

Want to know how to get rid of headaches without taking tablets? Dab Vicks VapoRub onto your temples. The menthol can improve headache management because it activates receptors that produce a cooling sensation and soothe an overactive nervous system during an attack.

6. Mitigate sore muscles

Menthol and methyl salicylate are known as counterirritants. They work by causing the skin to feel cool and then warm, which then distracts you from feeling aches or pains deeper in your muscles, joints, and tendons.

Massage a bit into the tender area, cover with a warm towel and relax. Do this on Sunday Runday, or any other time you tackle more than 5KM.

7. Improve skin conditions

If you suffer from eczema, Vicks VapoRub can help to soothe inflamed areas of skin, thanks to its antimicrobial ingredients like menthol.

8. Reduce stretch marks

This VapoRub hack went viral on Pinterest, after users reported a reduced appearance of their stretch marks. Whilst it's not a 100% proven method, if you are looking to fade the appearance of stretch marks, apply some Vicks VapoRub to the area daily and see results within a couple of weeks.

9. Fade bruises

Yep, really. Vicks Vaporub is seriously effective at reducing minor bruises thanks to its ability to lessen swelling and inflammation. This works best if you apply the VapoRub as soon as you feel a bruise coming on - rather than waiting for it to fully develop.

Itchy Skin and Burn

10. Relieve earache

Of course, heading to your pharmacist or GP is the first port of call if you've got an ear infection - but, if you're looking for a home remedy for your earache in the meantime, this is it. Place a small cotton ball with Vicks VapoRub in your ear and leave it there for a few hours. This will help to reduce pain until you see your doctor.

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11. Ease a cough

It's the obvious one - but Vicks VapoRub is great for easing coughs that are caused by colds. The chest rub is perfect for relieving the catarrh and phlegm that give you a chesty cough.

12. Zap blemishes

Similarly to DIY hacks like popping toothpaste on a spot, some people believe Vicks VapoRub helps to dry up pimples overnight. Whilst some of the ingredients in Vaporub might help to nix spots, other ingredients might actually block pores more. We'd recommend using one of the best spot treatments, rather than Vicks.

13. Heal minor cuts

Another reason to always keep chest rub in your medical kit, Vicks VapoRub can help to heal minor scratch and scrapes. The thick, waxy (and not to mention, antiseptic) formula helps to create a barrier over your cut - warding off infection.

Apply a thick layer to clean skin once or twice daily until the affected area is healed. (A word of warning though: don't use Vicks on an open wound or gash, and if you notice any type of sting or burning sensation, take the product off immediately and rinse with water.)

14. Potty-train pets

This hack works in the same way Vicks helps to ward pets off scratching your sofa, the smell of Vicks can help to potty train your pets. If your cat or dog has decided it likes to 'go' in a certain area of your house, leave some Vicks in those areas to avoid incidents.

15. Moisturise dry skin

Vicks helps to moisturise dry and cracked feet - so it makes sense then that it's also excellent at soothing dry skin on other areas of the body. Think dry elbows, knees and ankles.

And how should I not use Vick's VapoRub?

Know that Vick's VapoRub is solely for external use only and that it should go no where near your eyes.

You should never eat it, put it into your nostrils or apply it to cut skin. If your cough doesn't go away after a couple of weeks, head to see your GP.

Vicks vapo rub provides a soothing menthol scent that opens the respiratory airways when you apply it to the skin's surface. Although used specifically during cold season, this menthol ointment also can soothe bug bites and cover skin blemishes. The soothing menthol used in the ointment sometimes can be uncomfortable, as it causes a burning sensation on the skin. Neutralising the menthol will allow more comfort and less burn.

Vicks vapo rub provides a soothing menthol scent that opens the respiratory airways when you apply it to the skin's surface.

The soothing menthol used in the ointment sometimes can be uncomfortable, as it causes a burning sensation on the skin.

Buy a fragrant free body or hand lotion from a drug or retail store. Also buy a plastic cream container used for travelling. Travel cream containers are available in the travel accessory isle of the store.

After the Burn: At home dressing changes

Open the plastic cream container and add 1 tbsp of the fragrant-free hand or body lotion. Once added, place 1/3 tsp of the Vicks rubbing ointment into the plastic cream container.

Open the plastic cream container and add 1 tbsp of the fragrant-free hand or body lotion.

Once added, place 1/3 tsp of the Vicks rubbing ointment into the plastic cream container.

Mix the lotion and the Vicks ointment together inside of the cream container using a plastic knife. Stir the ointment and lotion well until smooth. The lotion will help neutralise the burning effect of the Vicks rub and moisturise the skin.

Apply the Vicks and lotion mixture to the chest, upper back and bottom of both feet. The menthol scent will remain but will not be as potent as without the lotion. Cover the area of the body to which you have applied the mixture with warm clothing and socks.

Hey Mahogany. Vicks Vapor rub should not be used under a waist trainer, nor should it be covered with any other tight garment or dressing. It contains camphor and menthol, which can burn the skin when heat is applied to it or body heat from a tight garment cannot escape. It is also rare but possible for the camphor/menthol to cause toxicity if too much is absorbed through the skin. Again, trapped body heat or external heat application can cause this increased absorbtion. Aside from the risks, Vicks is a petroleum based product so it may ruin your waist trainer's fabric by staining it and breaking down the elastic .

While many medical treatments from the early 1900s have been vehemently debunked, a handful have managed to stand the test of time. At the top of this list is everyone's favorite blue goo, Vicks VapoRub, a topical cough suppressant designed to clear the sinuses and alleviate the symptoms of the common cold. But in addition to this marketed use, Vicks has a handful of other, lesser-known uses that are far more interesting (and no less effective). From alleviating headaches to so many different skin uses– we wanted to get the inside scoop on all of the magical ways to use this affordable gel.

To learn more, we reached out to dermatologist Dr. Howard Sobel and general practitioner Dr. Pauline Jose. Read on to learn some genius uses for this drugstore staple.

MEET THE EXPERT

Howard Sobel, MD, is the founder of Sobel Skin and attending dermatologist and Dermatologic Surgeon at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.

Pauline Jose, MD, is a specialist in family medicine. She is also a clinical instructor at UCLA.

5 Great Alternative Ways to Use Vaporub

MICHELA BUTTIGNOL / BYRDIE

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Heal Your Feet

Vicks VapoRub is a common home remedy used to alleviate certain foot conditions, including athlete’s foot. The standout antimicrobial ingredients of the rub, plus the inclusion of petroleum jelly, help to lock in moisture while killing off bacteria. "Vicks VapoRub has three major oils in its ingredients. It has camphor, 4.7% which is found in trees in China, Japan and other countries in Asia, and Eucalyptus 1.9% from Eucalyptus plants and menthol 2.6%," says Jose. These are the hero ingredients that make this product so effective.

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Treat Acne

If you have eczema or acne, one of the top uses for Vicks VapoRub is helping to soothe skin, reduce inflammation, and clear up your complexion. This is due to ingredients like camphor and eucalyptus, which are known anti-inflammatories and antibacterial agents; however, just like any DIY skincare tip (toothpaste on a pimple anyone?), we suggest taking this one with a grain of salt. "Vick’s is made with anti-inflammatory ingredients such as eucalyptus, so putting a little on a patch of acne can actually calm skin." says Sobel. Vicks is made with petroleum jelly, and while it's great for keeping wounds moist (and acne lesions are technically wounds), it could actually be the cause of breakouts, according to the American Academy of Dermatology.

What to do if Your Baby has a Burn or Scald - First Aid Training - St John Ambulance

"It’s important to only use sparingly as the jelly can be known to clog pores and might end up causing additional breakouts," says Sobel.

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Deter Insects

Jar of Vicks VapoRub

Vicks VapoRub $5

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We may be fans of Vicks, but insects decidedly are not. Dab a bit on your arms, legs, neck, or other areas of exposed skin to keep bugs (including mosquitoes) at bay, however, it is not as effective at preventing bites as a commercial insect repellant. "Camphor is a white crystalline substance obtained from the tree Cinnamomom camphora and used for centuries as a spice, component of incense and medicine. It is also an insect repellant and kills fleas," says Jose. "This is the major substance in Vicks, aside from Vicks use in upper respiratory infections, that can be used to repel mosquitoes and even fleas."

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Reduce The Appearance of Stretch Marks

underwear with stretch marks

LUCAS OTTONE / STOCKSY

If you're looking to fade the appearance of stretch marks, this is one of the most surprising uses for Vicks VapoRub. "It definitely won’t hurt," says Sobel. Again, the anti-inflammatory properties of the product have been known to reduce scarring (including stretch marks). While it is not proven to be an effective way to diminish the appearance of stretch marks, it may be worth giving it a shot.

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Fade Bruising

For minor bruises, you may consider using Vicks VapoRub. This is due in large part to menthol, which helps to lessen the pain associated with the bruise by providing a cooling sensation that alleviates inflammation.1 "The product is very cooling, so it can certainly help with minor bruises to calm the skin," confirms Sobel.

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Treat Scrapes and Burns

The petroleum in Vicks VapoRub may help to heal minor cuts and scrapes when applied once or twice daily as the thick formula creates a barrier between your cuts. "The menthol and eucalyptus act as anti-inflammatory properties to help promote and stimulate healing," says Sobel. But a word of caution: some of the ingredients may be irritating on an open wound. If you notice any type of pain or a burning sensation, take the product off immediately and stick to Neosporin and a Band-Aid.

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Alleviate Headaches

Do you notice how quickly your congestion loosens when you use VapoRub on your chest? Well, if you suffer from sinus headaches, one of the best uses for Vicks VapoRub is to simply breathe in the scent. It's a potential quick fix to clear your head and alleviate cranial pain. "The third major ingredient of Vicks is menthol, which when derived from peppermint helps with headaches," confirms Jose. Apply a bit to your chest, or check out these shower tablets that turn your shower into a full-on spa experience.

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Moisturize Dry Skin

While Vick's is great at soothing cracked heels, it also is soothing for other patches of extremely dry skin. The petroleum jelly helps to lock in moisture while the menthol is anti-bacterial. Apply a thin layer over any areas that need a little bit of extra moisture.

Safety-Burn Awareness

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Ease Muscle Soreness

woman stretching

STOCKSY

To walk back the negative sensations of an intense workout, apply a bit of Vicks VapoRub to the affected area. While studies still need to be done on how effective the product is for this use, the cooling sensation works to soothe irritated or tired muscles.

Combine Vicks with a hot compress to help soothe sore muscles.

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Healing Rough Skin on Your Heels

One of the more unknown uses of Vicks VapoRub? Use it to heal rough skin on your heels! We love to slather our feet in the product before bed, apply socks, and sleep tight. Wake up in the morning to flawless feet.

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Relieve Joint Pain

According to Jose, the camaphor also works to relieve joint pain. "It works as an analgesic as it works on the nerve endings." Try applying a bit to any joints where you are experiencing discomfort.

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Relive Itchy Skin

Lavender Scent Cough Suppressant Ointment

Vicks VapoRub Lavender Scent Cough Suppressant Ointment $5

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Vicks can relive minor skin itching, "It has also been used for skin itch, minor skin irritation though some may be sensitive to the other components of Vicks VapoRub," says Jose. The menthol is anti-bacterial so it can work to soothe itchiness from eczema to bug bites and beyond.

Camphor, eucalyptus, and menthol topical is a combination product that is applied to the skin.

When applied to the chest, inhaling the vapors of this product may provide temporary relief of cough caused by irritation of the throat or lungs.

When applied to other areas of the body, this product is used for temporary relief of minor muscle or joint pain.

Camphor, eucalyptus, and menthol topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

The Best Way to Treat a Burn

WARNINGS

What is the most important information I should know about Vicks Vaporub (Topical)?

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if this medicine is safe to use if you have:

a cough with mucus; or

a cough caused by smoking, asthma or emphysema.

Do not use this medicine on a child younger than 2 years old.

Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Avoid breastfeeding a baby while using this product on your chest.

First Aid for a Burn

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SIDE EFFECTS

What are the side effects of Vicks Vaporub (Topical)?

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Less serious side effects may be more likely, and you may have none at all.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

PREGNANCY & BREASTFEEDING

Can I take Vicks Vaporub (Topical) if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Avoid breastfeeding a baby while using this product on your chest.

INTERACTIONS

What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Vicks Vaporub (Topical)?

Do not get this product in your eyes. If contact does occur, rinse with water.

DOSAGE GUIDELINES & TIPS

How to take Vicks Vaporub (Topical)?

Use Vicks Vaporub (Topical) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

How to Heal a Chemical Burn From Cosmetics : All-Natural Health

Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor.

Do not take by mouth. Topical medicine is for use only on the skin. Do not apply to broken skin or an open wound.

This product can cause a mild cooling or burning sensation wherever it is applied. If this sensation is painful or causes severe discomfort, wash the treated skin area with soap and cool water.

Do not heat the product before use or it may cause burns.

To relieve cough, apply a thick layer of this product to the chest and throat up to 3 times per day. Do not use in your nose or mouth. To make the vapors easier to breathe in, keep the treated areas uncovered or covered only with loose clothing.

To relieve muscle or joint pain, apply this product to the affected area 3 or 4 times per day.

You may cover treated skin areas with a warm and dry cloth. Applying heat may worsen the sensation of cooling or burning. Do not apply a tight bandage over treated skin.

Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve after 7 days, or if you have a fever, rash, or headaches.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

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