can turmeric tea lower cholesterol?

  Lower High Cholesterol with Turmeric

Dyslipidemia is an important and common cardiovascular risk factor in the general population. The lipid-lowering effects of turmeric and curcumin are unconfirmed. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of turmeric and curcumin in lowering blood lipids in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Medline and Cochrane Library databases to identify randomized controlled trials (published as of November 2016) that assessed the effect of turmeric and curcumin on blood lipid levels including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the effect.

Results

The analysis included 7 eligible studies (649 patients). Turmeric and curcumin significantly reduced serum LDL-C (SMD = −0.340, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.530 to −0.150, P < 0.0001) and TG (SMD = −0.214, 95% CI: −0.369 to −0.059, P = 0.007) levels as compared to those in the control group. These may be effective in lowering serum TC levels in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS, SMD = −0.934, 95% CI: −1.289 to −0.579, P < 0.0001), and turmeric extract could possibly have a greater effect on reducing serum TC levels (SMD = −0.584, 95% CI: −0.980 to −0.188, P = 0.004); however, the efficacy is yet to be confirmed. Serum HDL-C levels were not obviously improved. Turmeric and curcumin appeared safe, and no serious adverse events were reported in any of the included studies.

Conclusions

Turmeric and curcumin may protect patients at risk of CVD through improving serum lipid levels. Curcumin may be used as a well-tolerated dietary adjunct to conventional drugs. Further research is required to resolve uncertainties related to dosage form, dose and medication frequency of curcumin.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0293-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Turmeric, Curcumin, Cholesterol, Cardiovascular risk, Triglycerides, Meta-analysis

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Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]. Major cardiovascular risk factors include age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, manifesting as T2DM and MetS, promote endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation leading to atherosclerosis—the main cause of CVD [2]. An epidemiological study showed that low circulating concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were associated with a low risk of CVD [3]. Therefore, treatment of dyslipidemia is critical for the prevention of CVD. Statins and fibrates are common lipid-modulating agents and a newer lipid-lowering agent, alirocumab (Praluent), has recently been approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia [2]. Statins are widely used despite their potential to cause serious adverse effects such as myopathies and hepatotoxicity [4, 5]. The estimated incidence of asymptomatic elevation in aminotransferases in patients on statin therapy is less than 2% [6] and the risk of developing rhabdomyolysis (a form of myopathy) is 3 per 100,0000 person-years (associated fatality rate: 10%) [7]. Due to these concerns, it is crucial to focus efforts toward developing more effective drugs and to discover natural agents as alternatives to currently available treatments.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), an Indian spice, is a yellow pigment that is used worldwide in cooking, cosmetics, dyes, and medicines [8]. It is worth noting that turmeric is a frequently used food additive in Southeast Asia, which improves color and flavor of food preparations. Curcumin (chemical name: diferuloylmethane) is an active component of turmeric [9], which has the capacity to interact with hundreds of molecular targets. Several studies have demonstrated the protective effects of curcumin against many chronic diseases, including various cancers, pulmonary disorders, and autoimmune diseases [10]. It has been shown to attenuate oxidative stress [11] and to exert a cardioprotective effect owing to its lipid-lowering properties [12–14]. However, some contradictory results have also been reported [15–21]. In a meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials, overall effects in the entire study population as well as those in a subgroup analysis of subjects with cardiovascular risk factors failed to demonstrate a significant lipid-lowering effect of curcumin [22]. However, the studies included in this meta-analysis had limited sample sizes. Further, most of the randomized controlled trials that have reported positive effects of curcumin on blood lipid levels were published subsequent to the above-mentioned meta-analysis [23–28]. Nonetheless, conflicting reports exist in that some studies have reported promising effects [23–28], whereas others failed to demonstrate any significant effect [15]. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of published clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of turmeric and cucumin in lowering lipid levels in patients with risk factors for CVD.

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Methods

Literature search

An online search was carried out for clinical studies published in English language in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Medline and Cochrane Library. All studies published as of November 2016 were eligible for inclusion. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms were used for PubMed, and comparable terms were used for other databases. The search terms were as follows: (curcuminoid OR curcumin OR curcuma OR turmeric OR curcuminoids) AND (hyperlipidemia OR hyperlipidemic OR hypolipidemic OR dyslipidemia OR dyslipidemic OR hypercholesterolemia OR hypercholesterolemic OR hypocholesterolemic OR “low-density lipoprotein” OR “high-density lipoprotein” OR cholesterol OR triglycerides OR hypertriglyceridemia OR hypotriglyceridemic). In addition, we used various synonyms.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria for research articles included: (1) drug or placebo-controlled parallel randomized trials; (2) subjects with risk factors for CVD, for example, dyslipidemia, T2DM, MetS, hypertension, prediabetes, prehypertension, or obesity; (3) studies that used purified curcumin or a curcuminoid mixture, extracts with determined content of curcumin or curcuminoids, or turmeric powder, regardless of dosage and frequency (this inclusion criteria was established according to the meta-analysis [22] mentioned earlier and a review about the efficacy of turmeric/curcumin for alleviating the symptoms of arthritis [29]); (4) study duration ≥4 weeks; and (5) studies that reported mean ± standard deviation (SD), mean ± standard error (SE) or median (range) of between-group differences between the experimental and control groups at baseline as well as at the end of the trial. Studies were excluded if they featured: (1) a crossover randomized trial design; (2) noncomparative data; (3) lack of outcome measures; and (4) duration of treatment < 4 weeks.

Efficacy measures

Primary outcome measures included serum levels of LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TG, and total cholesterol (TC). Treatment safety, measured by adverse effects due to turmeric and curcumin, was defined as a secondary outcome.

Data extraction

Two independent investigators (SQ and LFH) screened the titles and abstracts of articles initially retrieved on online search of databases, and extracted essential data from eligible full-text articles. Data on study design, patient characteristics, number of patients, treatment regimen, duration of treatment, year of publication, and daily dose of curcumin or turmeric powder were extracted, as were the mean ± SD (or mean ± SE) of all efficacy measures specified earlier. To control relative heterogeneity, only data of efficacy measures pertaining to the study period between 4 weeks and 3 months were extracted. For studies with missing data, authors were sent emails requesting details of these data.

Study quality

Risk of bias was assessed independently by 2 reviewers (SQ and LFH) using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [30]. This tool allows for assessment of the study quality with respect to 6 domains: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias. For each domain, the risk of bias was marked as low, unclear, or high.

Statistical analysis

The meta-analysis was conducted by using Stata version 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). In this analysis, only continuous variables were extracted. If mean values and SD were unavailable, these were calculated from mean values and SE by using the following formulas: mean = mean post-treatment - mean pre-treatment; SD = SE × square root n (n: number of participants) and SD = square root [(SD pre-treatment)2 + (SD post-treatment)2 - (2R × SD pre-treatment × SD post-treatment)], assuming a correlation coefficient (R) = 0.5 [31]. With use of relevant formulae [32], these values were also calculated from medians and ranges. Because, one of the included studies [23] did not report the unit of outcomes, standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to present the results of the meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity between trials was detected by the Chi-squared and I-square (I 2) tests. In the event of significant heterogeneity (P < 0.1 and I 2 > 50%), the random-effect model was used for analysis; in other cases, a fixed-effect model was used. Whole effects with P-value <0.05 indicated statistical significance between experimental and control groups. SMD value approaching 0 (P > 0.05) was judged to have no statistical significance. In contrast, SMD value deviating from 0 (P < 0.05) was regarded as a “significant finding”. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity among studies with respect to underlying disease and form of intervention (turmeric or curcumin) used. As only a single study had reported efficacy measures disaggregated by gender [27], subgroup analyses by gender could not be undertaken. To assess publication bias, funnel plots and Begg’s test were conducted initially. However, as fewer than 10 studies were selected in each meta-analysis, the funnel plots and Begg’s test could not be conducted.

High Cholesterol - Do I Need To Take Medication?

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Results

Summary of included studies

Of the 1566 articles retrieved on initial literature search, a detailed evaluation of 11 full-text articles resulted in the elimination of 2 studies [33, 34], due to the use of the same patient groups, and another 2 studies [35, 36], owing to incomplete data (Fig. 1). Consequently, 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including a total of 649 subjects, met the inclusion criteria and were selected for a qualitative analysis.

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Fig. 1

Flow diagram of the literature selection process

Basic characteristics of the included RCTs are summarized in Table 1, and the pre- and post-intervention serum lipid parameters are presented in Additional file 1: Table S1. Of the 7 eligible studies, only studies that enrolled patients with T2DM [15, 24, 25, 28] or MetS [23, 26, 27] were included. All studies were conducted in a double-blind manner with the exception of the trials by Selvi et al. [25] and Usharani et al. [15]. Two of the studies were performed in Iran [23, 24] and 2 [15, 25] were conducted in India. The remaining studies were conducted in Pakistan [26], Taiwan [27], and Thailand [28], respectively. The duration of these studies ranged from 4 weeks to 6 months. Specified outcomes were reported from all studies, with the exception of the study by Chuengsamarn et al. [28], for which only serum TG levels were reported. The form of intervention and serum lipid parameters of studies at baseline and after intervention differed.

Table 1

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

Study Region Type Duration Inclusion criteria Intervention N Age Male

Metabolic syndrome

 Rahmani et al. 2016 [23] Iran RCT double-blind 8 weeks Patients with symptoms of MetS (NCEP-ATP III) and diagnosis of NAFLD Case Amorphous dispersion Curcumin (amorphous dispersion preparation, equivalent to 70 mg/d curcuminoids) 37 46.37 ± 11.57 19

Control Placebo 40 48.95 ± 9.78 19

 Amin et al. 2015 [26] Pakistan RCT double-blind 8 weeks Patients with ≥ 3 features of MetS, prediabetes, dyslipidemia and prehypertension Case Turmeric powder 2.4 g/d 63 42.40 ± 13.70 NA

Control Placebo 63 41.57 ± 12.80 NA

 Yang et al. 2014 [27] Taiwan RCT double-blind 12 weeks Patients with diagnosis of MetS (NCEP-ATP III) Case Turmeric extract (equivalent to 1890 mg/d curcuminods) 30 59.03 ± 10.10 12

Control Placebo 29 59.61 ± 14.09 17

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

 Rahimi et al. 2016 [24] Iran RCT double-blind 3 months Type 2 Diabetic patients Case Curcumin (nano-micelle 80 mg/day) 35 56.34 ± 11.17 17

Control placebo 35 60.95 ± 10.77 14

 Selvi et al. 2015 [25] India RCT 4 weeks Type 2 diabetic patients Case Turmeric powder 2 g/day +Metformin 30 47.00 ± 7.17 30

Control Metformin (1 g/day) 30 46.80 ± 6.10 30

 Chuengsamarn et al. 2014 [28] Thailand RCT double-blind 6 months Type 2 diabetic patients Case Turmeric extract (equivalent to 1500 mg/d curcuminods) 107 59.16 ± 11.04 50

Control Placebo 106 59.58 ± 10.71 47

 Usharani et al. 2008 [15] India RCT 8 weeks Type 2 diabetic patients Case Turmeric extract (equivalent to 600 mg/day curcuminoids) 23 55.52 ± 10.76 12

Control Placebo 21 49.75 ± 8.18 11

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MetS metabolic syndrome, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NCEP-ATP III National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, a diagnostic guideline of MetS, RCT randomized controlled trial, NA not available

Values are expressed as mean ± SD

Data quality

The risk of bias in the individual studies is shown in Additional file 2: Table S2. Overall, these selected studies varied in terms of quality: of the 7 RCTs, 4 were classified as high quality [24, 26–28] and 3 were judged to be of moderate quality [15, 23, 25]. Four studies used appropriate randomization methods, such as a random number table [25, 27] or a computer-generated list of random numbers [24, 28]. Allocation concealment was only used in 4 studies [23, 25, 26, 28]. Five trials used double-blinding of patients and practitioners [23, 24, 26–28]. All studies reported dropout rates and specific reasons for dropout with the exception of the trial by Chuengsamarn et al. [28].

Meta-analysis

Pooled data from 6 trials [15, 23–27] (n = 218 both cases and controls) showed significant efficacy of the study drug in reducing serum LDL-C levels; no significant heterogeneity was observed between these six trials (P < 0.0001, I 2 = 42.10%, Fig. 2). Similarly, turmeric and curcumin therapy did not exhibit a favorable effect on serum HDL-C levels (P = 0.370, I 2 = 0.00%, Fig. 3). Meta-analysis of data from 7 studies [15, 23–28] indicated an obvious benefit of experimental treatment (n = 325) in reducing serum TG levels, compared to that with control treatment (n = 324) (SMD = −0.214, 95% CI: −0.369 to −0.059, P = 0.007, I 2 = 24.5%, Fig. 4). Although a random-effect model was used, pooled analysis of data from 6 studies [15, 23–27] showed no significant between-group differences in terms of plasma TC concentrations (P = 0.054), ostensibly owing to the significant heterogeneity among these studies (I 2 = 73.8%, n = 218 for both experiment and control groups, Fig. 5).

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Fig. 2

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for comparison of plasma LDL-C concentrations between experimental and control groups

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Fig. 3

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for comparison of plasma HDL-C concentrations between experimental and control groups

Can Turmeric Lower Your Cholesterol | Health & Fitness Good

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Fig. 4

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for comparison of plasma TG concentrations between experimental and control groups

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Fig. 5

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for comparison of plasma TC concentrations between experimental and control groups

Subgroup analyses

To assess sources of potential bias, we conducted subgroup analyses by underlying diseases and forms of intervention—namely, studies in patients with hyperglycemia (pre-diabetes and T2DM) and MetS (Table 2). Two studies [23, 27] which included patients with MetS revealed significant differences (P < 0.0001, I 2 = 0.00%) with respect to serum TC levels between the experimental (n = 67) and placebo (n = 69) groups. However, pooled data from 4 trials [15, 24–26] showed no significant differences in this respect (P = 0.612, I 2 = 0.00%) among patients with hyperglycemia, between the experimental (n = 151) and placebo (n = 149) groups. With regard to form of intervention, analysis of pooled data from 2 studies [25, 26] comprising 186 subjects showed no favorable effect of turmeric powder therapy on serum TC levels [−0.000 (−0.288 to 0.288), P = 0.999, I 2 = 17.1%]. However, 2 studies [15, 27] showed significant benefits of turmeric extract (P = 0.004, I 2 = 31.1%) in the experimental group (n = 53) as compared to that in the control group (n = 50).

Table 2

Subgroup analysis of serum total cholesterol (TC) levels

Outcome of interest No. of No. of Effects SMD 95% CI Heterogeneity P-value

study patients model P value I 2 (%)

arms

TC 6 436 Random −0.375 −0.757 to 0.006 0.002 73.80 0.054

Form of intervention Turmeric powder 2 186 Fixed −0.000 −0.288 to 0.288 0.272 17.10 0.999

Turmeric extract 2 103 Fixed −0.584 −0.980 to −0.188 0.228 31.10 0.004*

Type of disease MetS 2 136 Fixed −0.934 −1.289 to −0.579 0.510 0.000 <0.0001***

Hyperglycemia 4 300 Fixed −0.059 −0.285 to 0.168 0.561 0.000 0.612

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MetS metabolic syndrome

*p < 0.05

**p < 0.001

***p < 0.0001

Side effects of turmeric and curcumin

Five RCTs reported adverse effects in both the control and experimental groups. Rahmani et al. [23] reported that 2 patients experienced simultaneous abdominal pain and nausea, whereas another patient suffered from abdominal pain. Amin et al. [26] reported adverse events such as nausea and dyspepsia, but failed to report the exact number of subjects who experienced these events. Chuengsamarn et al. [28] reported side effects of curcumin in 4 patients: constipation in 2, hot flashes in 1, and nausea in 1 patient. Moreover, 4 patients experienced side effects in the placebo group: vertigo and itching, constipation, and hot flashes in 1 patient each. Selvi et al. [25] reported mild diarrhea in 2 subjects. None of the remaining studies reported any adverse reactions of turmeric and curcumin therapy. No serious adverse reaction induced by turmeric and curcumin was reported in any of the studies included in this meta-analysis.

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Discussion

The epidemic of obesity has contributed to a growing burden of CVD risk factors such as T2DM and MetS [37] (defined as the presence of at least 3 out of the 4 criteria: central obesity, increased blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, and dyslipidemia [38]). Dyslipidemia is a well-established modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. All of the currently available antilipemic therapies have their own inherent shortcomings and disadvantages. Therefore, natural treatments have been investigated as potential therapies for lowering blood lipid levels.

This systematic review of 7 randomized trials of turmeric and curcumin in patients at risk of CVD identified evidence of their beneficial effects on serum TG and LDL-C levels, although no significant difference was found with respect to serum HDL levels. Despite the use of random-effects model to compensate for heterogeneity, no statistically significant benefit was observed with regard to TC (P = 0.054). When the analysis was restricted to more homogenous studies based on underlying disease in subjects (hyperglycemia and MetS), a beneficial effect of turmeric and curcumin on serum TC levels was observed in subjects with MetS; however, in subjects with hyperglycemia, this beneficial effect on serum TC levels was not observed. It seems that the natural form (turmeric) and curcumin have more positive effects on patients suffering from MetS. With regard to the forms of intervention, turmeric extract may have a greater beneficial effect on serum TC levels, as compared to that of turmeric in its natural form. However, owing to the limited number of studies, definitive conclusions may not be drawn in this respect. Furthermore, larger scale trials are required among patients with MetS to explore the effect of turmeric extract, even in novel forms, in lowering plasma TC concentrations.

Sahebkar conducted a meta-analysis of 5 RCTs to assess the effects of curcumin on blood lipid levels and found no significant improvements in the lipid profile in any aspect [22]. Several explanations could be tendered to explain why the results of their study were contrary to those of the present study. Firstly, both parallel and crossover randomized trials were selected, and these may have adversely influenced the final results.

Secondly, most of the selected studies were conducted with unformulated curcumin, which is considered to have low bioavailability. Curcumin has poor bioavailability owing to its poor absorption, fast metabolism, and rapid elimination from the body. Some attempts have been made to overcome these deficits, including the use of a piperine (black pepper) adjuvant, liposomal curcumin, nanoparticles, phospholipid complexes, and an amorphous form [39, 40]. Therefore, a hypothesis could be proposed that these novel dosage forms of curcumin may achieve greater clinical effects. To verify this theory, forest plots were conducted initially. Nevertheless, in our present review, only two trials [23, 24] used novel forms, and the preparations used in these studies were dissimilar (amorphous forms were used in one study [23] and nanoparticles were used in the other [24]). Therefore, further research on newer dosage forms of curcumin is required to confirm the hypothesis.

Finally, differences with respect to underlying diseases in the study population may also explain this discrepancy. The authors included healthy participants and patients with various chronic diseases (i.e., coronary artery disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, or obesity), which may have resulted in different outcomes. Even on performing a subgroup analysis in patients with high cardiovascular risk (acute coronary syndrome, T2DM, or concomitant dyslipidemia and obesity), no significant difference could be identified because coronary artery disease is an end event rather than a risk factor for CVD.

Can You Have Too Much Good Cholesterol (HDL Cholesterol)?

The article by Mohammadi et al. [19] was not included in the meta-analyses because its design as a randomized crossover trial did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. However, the study investigated the hypothesis that curcuminoids (1 g/day for 30 days) lead to a significant reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations in obese individuals. Unlike this study, in a trial among patients with coronary artery disease, although curcumin supplementation decreased serum levels of TC, LDL-C, and TG, there was no obvious difference when compared to placebo [41], possibly due to the small size of the study. Subsequently, a study by Soare et al. found that 900 mg of curcumin did not influence plasma lipid levels in non-obese relatively healthy individuals [42]. Therefore, we tentatively propose that the antilipemic effect of curcumin is evident only in patients who are at a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity, such as those with MetS, T2DM, and obesity.

Some molecular mechanisms could potentially explain these results. Insulin resistance (IR) is the basic underlying pathology in both T2DM and MetS. Neerati et al. reported that curcumin could counter IR [43]. Through amelioration of metabolic derangement and potential binding of curcumin with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) as agonist, curcumin could play a preventive role in diet-induced insulin resistance [44]. Moreover, curcumin was shown to increase activation of PPAR-γ [45], which suppressed expression of the LDL-C receptor gene, and could thereby reduce plasma LDL-C concentrations [46]. Because it interacts with multiple targets, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), PPAR-γ, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and lipoprotein lipase, curcumin could probably play a role in reduction of triglyceride levels [47–49]. Furthermore, curcumin is expected to affect both synthesis and catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins [47–49]. Thus, curcumin supplementation may lower plasma triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations by mitigating the expressions of lipogenic genes [48–50]. Additionally, the lipid-lowering effect of turmeric and curcumin is related to statins. Panahi et al. found that curcumin affected all pathways of cholesterol metabolism that are affected by statin therapy; it also reduced the effective doses of statins, which helped reduce the incidence of serious adverse reactions [51]. Furthermore, curcumin might serve as a valuable adjunct to statin therapy in patients with disordered lipid metabolism [51].

In our meta-analysis, we found that consumption of turmeric and curcumin was safe and well-tolerated in general. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies in human subjects [10], and dosages as high as 8000 mg/day have been shown to be well-tolerated with no apparent toxicity [52].

Several potential limitations of this review need mention. First, the most important limitation may pertain to the interpretability of outcomes. Second, this review did not include unpublished studies or studies published in the “grey literature”. Third, all subjects in the included studies were Asians. Lastly, some data were obtained indirectly, and those could have affected the accuracy of both the overall effects and the results of subgroup analyses.

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Conclusions

Subjects who received turmeric and curcumin experienced a natural cardioprotective effect, with lowering of serum LDL-C and TG levels, as compared to subjects who did not. The efficacy of turmeric and curcumin on serum TC levels remains inconclusive, despite their superior efficacy observed in patients with MetS. A greater effect of turmeric extract in reducing serum TC levels may be observed in patients who are at risk of CVD; however, this finding needs to be confirmed in future studies. No significant change in serum HDL levels was observed.

Because curcumin’s poor bioavailability limits its absorption from dietary sources, novel formulations with enhanced bioavailability are probably required to control dyslipidemia more effectively.

Due to uncertainties related to dosage form, dose and medication frequency, it is premature to recommend the use of turmeric or curcumin in clinical settings. Nonetheless, the analysis does provide a synthesis of the currently available evidence and supports larger scale clinical trials of curcumin.

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Additional files

Additional file 1: Table S1.(64K, doc)

Serum lipid parameters in studies from before and after intervention. (DOC 64 kb)

Additional file 2: Table S2.(38K, doc)

Quality of studies assessed by the Cochrane guidelines. (DOC 37 kb)

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Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81171560), the “Par-Eu Scholars Program” of Chongqing City and the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (grant no. 2012ZX10002007001). The funding bodies had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The tables and figures supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article. There are also two supplementary tables online.

HDL: When Good Cholesterol Goes Bad

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Abbreviations

CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein

CI Confidence interval

CVD Cardiovascular disease

HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

IR Insulin resistance

LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

MeSH Medical Subject Heading

MetS Metabolic syndrome

PPAR-α Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

PPAR-γ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

RCTs Randomized controlled trials

SD Standard deviation

SE Standard error

SMD Standardized mean difference

T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TC Total cholesterol

TG Triglycerides

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Authors’ contributions

SQ, HR and HDH contributed to the conception and design of the study. SQ, LFH and HDH conducted the literature search and data extraction. LFH and SQ performed the statistical analyses. SQ, LFH, JJG, SSS, JH and HDH drafted the manuscript. HR and HDH supervised the study. All authors gave final approval.

Science Proves Turmeric Is Good For High Cholesterol

turmeric for blood pressure

When it comes to health matters, one common thing that bothers many people around the world is having high cholesterol levels in their bodies. High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia is a disorder that occurs when cholesterol deposits in the blood vessels of your body and obstructs blood flow through the arteries and veins. This results in high blood pressure and cardiac problems such as heart attack, conditions that are very risky to your health. Did you know the benefits of turmeric may help reduce your risk of these cardiovascular issues?

In most cases, hypercholesterolemia in today's world is caused by obesity, consumption of high fat foods, diabetes, and having a history of family members with high cholesterol. It has been known to affect a large number of people around the world and is also among one of the leading causes of health-related deaths in general. However, cholesterol levels in the body can easily be managed by managing your body weight and diet.

Undertaking regular exercise such as jogging, going to the gym and engaging in sporting activities are among the few great ways of managing your weight. Consuming less fatty foods and feeding more on fruits and vegetables helps in reducing the cases of being affected by hypercholesterolemia. However, in many patient cases, medications known as anti-hypertensive and cholesterol drugs are also required especially in the case of chronic hypercholesterolemia.

The problem with medications is that there are various problems associated with them and now people are opting to switch to newer and less toxic therapies to help control cholesterol levels in their bodies. One of these important herbal remedy options which is emerging as an all important therapy for cholesterol management, prevention and reduction both in mild and chronic cases is Turmeric.

Turmeric 101

Turmeric is the Indian spice that helps give curry its golden color. While it may not be the first thing that comes to mind when one thinks of cholesterol health, present research studies suggest that it should be. Turmeric, together with the trio of yellow pigments that it contains known as curcuminoids, have been known to lower LDL cholesterol and prevent its oxidation thus helping suppress plaque build-up in body arteries.

But according to recent studies, that is far from all that it does. Research has shown that turmeric has a wide range of therapeutic effects on LDL cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol, cardiovascular heath and much more. However, turmeric seems to more specifically have the ability to prevent cholesterol production in the liver, stop and block its absorption in the gut, and most importantly reduce the LDL cholesterol oxidation in the lining of arteries.

What is Turmeric?

Turmeric, also known as Curcuma longa, is a perennial plant that is native to South Asia and is known for its rhizome which has a long history in food production and traditional medicine. It belongs to the ginger family and although its fresh rhizome is the most common form in which it is used as food and medicine, its powder is also used as a food coloring additive because of its deep orange-yellow color. It is also commonly used as a dye.

However, the most popular bio-active compound in turmeric is curcumin; the compound responsible for its bright color. As a food additive, it is referred to as E100. The curcumin compound is also responsible for most of the medicinal properties of turmeric.

The major constituents of turmeric include;

Essential oils such as cineole, termerone and cymene

Curcuminoids such as curcumin and desmethoxycurcumin

Important body minerals such as potassium, manganese, copper, iron, zinc and magnesium

Vitamins B3, B6, C, E and K

Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber

Turmeric has for years been used in both Ayurveda and Chinese traditional systems of medicine. It is a herbal remedy in the treatment of jaundice, chest pains, colic, hemorrhage, toothache and blood urine.

Turmeric is really the "wonder spice"

It's by no coincidence that a traditional Hindu word for turmeric, haldi, actually means 'healthy'. Recent continually accumulating researches have medical scientists convinced that turmeric actually is a wonder/miracle spice like no other. Hundreds of studies have proven its ability to prevent and cure over 600 different ailments and diseases. Turmeric affects the body in over 175 unique ways by acting as an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory, a neuro-protectant, an endocrine modulator, a natural antibiotic and an anti-cancer agent among more.

As mentioned earlier, the wide range of healing abilities of turmeric have for long been used by practitioners of medicine like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine. And now modern medicine has finally caught up with the healing abilities of turmeric by proving these ancient claims correct.

Research studies proving that turmeric is good for high cholesterol

Turmeric prevents oxidation of cholesterol

According to a study published in the Journal Atherosclerosis on 2004, it was noted that turmeric extract can be used to help reduce the susceptibility of LDL cholesterol to oxidation, an all important step in the development of heart disease and atherosclerosis. In an experiment, controlled dosages of turmeric were fed to hypercholesterolemia rabbits and the effects on LDL oxidation analyzed. The experiment found that turmeric efficiently extracts and reduces the levels of cholesterol in the blood along with the prevalence of atherosclerosis with time.

It was hence proven that turmeric reduces the oxidation and circulation of oxidized levels of LDL cholesterol, hence resulting in the reduction of occurrence or treatment of already existing atherosclerosis in affected individuals.

Another more comprehensive study was conducted by some French researches in 2008 and published in the journal of Molecular Nutrition & Food Research in 2012. In this study, mice were pre-disposed to develop atherosclerosis and were then either fed on a controlled diet or the same diet but with an addition of curcumin supplements for 4 months. At the end of the research, it was found that there were 26% fewer fatty artery deposits in the mice that fed on the curcumin-enhanced diet. Also, fewer atherosclerotic lesions were found in the mice and the researchers additionally found out that curcumin seemed to actually change the gene expression related to plaque build-up in arteries.

Research published in the Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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In this research, 10 healthy volunteers were given 500 grams of curcumin per day for 7 days and the effect on their body cholesterol levels observed. At the end of the 7 days, not only had the blood levels of the oxidized LDL cholesterol dropped by 33%, but also their total cholesterol levels had dropped by about 12%. Consequently, their HDL (which is known as the "good cholesterol") had increased by 29% by the end of this period.

Research shows Turmeric performs better than cholesterol lowering drugs

Another study on mice that were pre-disposed to heart disease was conducted by researchers from Kyungpook National University in South Korea and published in the journal of Molecular Nutrition & Food Research in the year 2011. In this study, the mice were fed with a high cholesterol diet supplemented with either curcumin, the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin, or a placebo. After 18 weeks, the researchers found that curcumin lowered blood levels of cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while at the same time increasing the levels of HDL cholesterol. It performed just like lovastatin.

The researchers concluded that long-term curcumin treatment lowers plasma and hepatic cholesterol while at the same time suppressing early atherosclerotic lesions, effects comparable to the protective effects of lovastatin.

Curcumin, Bile acids and Cholesterol

In 2005, a study published in the Medical Science Monitor titled the International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research investigated the antioxidant and hypolipidemic benefits of curcumin in rats. The researchers induced hypercholesterolemia in the rats by feeding them with a high-cholesterol rich diet for 7 days. They then later added 0.5% curcumin to the animals' diet. The study results showed; reduced serum total cholesterol by 21%, reduced serum LDL cholesterol by 42.5%, and increased serum HDL cholesterol by 50%.

The researchers concluded that curcumin in turmeric is the phytochemical responsible for the reduction of cholesterol levels. Additionally, they noted that curcumin reduced the levels of lip by interfering with the metabolism, absorption and excretion of cholesterol rather than by antioxidant mechanisms. An earlier study published in the Journal of Nutrition in 1970 had reached similar conclusions. The researchers determined that the cholesterol-lowering effect by curcumin was as a result of increased fecal excretion of bile acids and cholesterol.

Curcumin and LDL Receptors

A study published in 2006 on the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry sought to study the effects of curcumin on human liver cell line. The researchers showed that the effect of curcumin on cholesterol metabolism extends deep to the genetic levels. By treating human liver cells with curcumin, the researchers were able to show that turmeric phytochemical raised the LD-receptor mRNA seven times. This shows that curcumin raises the up-take of cholesterol by the liver and thus helps with its removal from the plasma. Therefore, by increasing the population of LDL receptors in the liver, curcumin hastens the break-down of LDL cholesterol.

Asides from this, the study also showed that the curcumin raises the population of other receptors such as retinoic acid receptor and the liver X receptor, involved in the breakdown of lipids.

If you want to lower LDL naturally, the answer may lie in your spice rack. Turmeric is the Indian spice that gives curry its golden color. While it may not be the first thing that comes to mind for cholesterol health, research indicates turmeric’s benefits include that it is one of the best natural ways to lower cholesterol.

Using turmeric for high cholesterol is beneficial because it contains a compound called curcumin. Curcumin has been proven to lower LDL cholesterol and prevent its oxidation, suppressing plaque build-up in arteries.

But that’s far from all of turmeric’s benefits. The latest studies reveal a broad range of therapeutic effects this spice has on LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol), cardiovascular health, and much more.

Specifically, the benefits of turmeric appear to be that it has the ability to prevent cholesterol production in the liver, block cholesterol absorption in the gut, and reduce LDL cholesterol oxidation in the lining of the arteries.

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Research Proves Major Turmeric Benefits

Studies in the early 1990s began to confirm a connection between turmeric and cholesterol and some of the ways turmeric exerts its healing effects on the cardiovascular system, and specifically, on lowering LDL cholesterol. These small, early studies showed that curcumin in turmeric lowers LDL cholesterol in humans.[1]

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In research published in the Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, for example, ten healthy volunteers consumed 500 mg of curcumin per day for seven days. Not only did their blood levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol drop by 33 percent, but their total cholesterol dropped 11.63 percent, and their HDL (“good” cholesterol) increased by 29 percent.[1]

Some, but not all, recent studies have confirmed the LDL cholesterol-lowering effects of curcumin.[2-5] In one recent study, a curcumin supplement lowered triglycerides but had no effect on other lipids (such as LDL cholesterol). Thirty participants with obesity were treated with 1 gram a day of curcumin or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. After only 30 days, triglycerides were significantly reduced following curcumin supplementation.[2]

In this study, turmeric benefits were revealed as curcumin did affect levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or HDL cholesterol, but other studies have found both LDL cholesterol- and triglyceride-lowering effects of curcumin supplementation.[3,4]

How to Lower LDL Levels Naturally with Curcumin

By studying the turmeric benefits and curcumin’s effects in animals, researchers have been better able to understand curcumin and how to lower LDL cholesterol.

Curcumin is able to control LDL cholesterol and its dangerous effects on arteries through a number of mechanisms. It prevents the liver from producing cholesterol, increases the amount of LDL cholesterol that the liver clears from the body, and prevents the intestines from absorbing it.[6]

Studies have also found that curcumin lowers inflammation and reduces oxidative damage. Since these two processes, damage blood vessels and cause plaque build-up that can lead to heart attack or stroke, preventing them helps to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries due to cholesterol and plaque build-up).

This is exactly what was demonstrated recently in a study published in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. In mice with high LDL cholesterol, curcumin was not only shown to lower LDL cholesterol, it also lowered triglycerides and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation.

Furthermore, curcumin prevented the beginning stages of atherosclerosis in mice aortas and inhibited processes involved in cholesterol synthesis in their livers.[7] Obviously turmeric benefits in cardiovascular health are wide ranging.

Lower LDL Levels With Spice in Your Diet

Anyone with high LDL cholesterol, coronary artery disease, or other cardiovascular disease is a prime candidate for supplementing with curcumin to lower LDL cholesterol naturally and prevent its dangerous effects on the cardiovascular system. Adding more turmeric to your diet is also a great way to experience the amazingly diverse benefits of this colorful spice.

Add extra turmeric to curries.

Flavor lentil soups with turmeric and cumin.

Spice up sautéed onions and/or cauliflower.

Add to salad dressings.

Make a creamy vegetable dip by mixing turmeric with plain yogurt, a little omega-3-rich mayonnaise, and salt and pepper.

For additional tips, please visit “How to Get the Most Turmeric Supplement Benefits.”

Turmeric: Also Good for Arthritis, Memory, Fatigue, and More

Turmeric benefits don’t stop with the cardiovascular system. If you suffer from any kind of inflammatory based condition—arthritis, cognitive and memory issues, chronic fatigue, or leaky gut infslammation, consider that turmeric benefits the body’s inflammation process as effectively as any natural healing agent available.

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Feel a sore throat coming on? Try turmeric tea, a home remedy you’ll find in this Countryside Network article.

It’s also important to remember that to get the full turmeric benefits when taking a turmeric supplement, your supplement needs to be administered in some specific ways to increase bioavailability since turmeric is not well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

The turmeric benefits are undeniable, and this supplement or added spice in your diet should be considered a main stay strategy for anyone looking to improve their health in a natural, drug-free way.

Q: I took glucosamine for a few years to ease stiff, painful joints. A blood test several months ago showed that my cholesterol level was 229, which is over the recommended 200 threshold.

I stopped taking glucosamine and substituted turmeric. Then I had my annual checkup, which included extensive blood work. My cholesterol level has dropped to 124.

I made no other changes in my diet, so I can only conclude that the glucosamine was raising my cholesterol. Others may want to know.

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A: We have heard from other readers that the dietary-supplement combination glucosamine and chondroitin may raise cholesterol levels. There is no research we could find to support these case reports, though.

In your case, it is plausible that the turmeric you are now taking for your joints has lowered your cholesterol. A review of controlled trials found that turmeric or its active component curcumin can lower total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL (Nutrition Journal, Oct. 11, 2017).

If you would like to learn more about the pros and cons of turmeric and other natural flavorings, you may want to read our book “Spice Up Your Health: How Everyday Kitchen Herbs & Spices Can Lengthen & Strengthen Your Life.” It is available at peoplespharmacy.com.

Q: I’ve been suffering from migraines for nearly 20 years and max out all my migraine meds every month. Years ago, my doctor told me to try a Starbucks Frappuccino to stop a migraine. This worked for a while, but I think my body became resistant to brain freeze from mildly cold products. Even ice cubes stopped working.

Recently, though, I had a Sonic Slush. That slush gave me terrible brain freeze. At the time, I didn’t have a headache.

Then I got a migraine and the medication was not kicking it. I went and got myself a slush. I drank it fast, nonstop, until brain freeze hit. Bam, the migraine was instantly gone.

I’ve done this with my past two migraines. The migraine comes back within an hour or so, so I continue to drink the slush. It works like a charm.

Now when I get a migraine, I’m just going to induce brain freeze and see if I can stay away from the meds. Rather than an ice cube, I’ll try grinding the ice and see if I can save a trip to Sonic.

A: We suspect that this fascinating migraine remedy works through transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, specifically TRPM8. This channel helps nerves sense cold and is also sensitive to compounds such as menthol. Research shows that TRPM8 is implicated in migraines (Headache, October 2016).

If brain freeze can help you beat your migraine headaches, we applaud you. Here is a comment from another reader: “I just watched a video of a guy suggesting brain freeze cures migraines. Minutes ago, I held ice to the roof of my mouth. By the third piece, I was headache-free although I’d had this migraine all day. IT’S GONE.”

Q: Several years ago I developed gout. My physician prescribed allopurinol, but it made my kidneys feel like they were on fire.

I stopped eating shellfish and organ meats, but I continued to have intermittent gout flare-ups. Sour-cherry juice was a bust, but I found that pineapple juice really helped!

I tested this myself. Every day for a week I ate one or more of the forbidden foods, and every evening I drank a glass of pineapple juice. The result: no gout flares. It’s been four years.

A: Thanks for sharing this unique approach. We could find no studies on pineapple juice for gout, but it seems harmless.

In their column, Joe and Teresa Graedon answer letters from readers. Write to them in care of King Features, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803, or email them via their website: www.peoplespharmacy.com. Their newest book is “Top Screwups Doctors Make and How to Avoid Them.”

What is the best tea to lower cholesterol?

If you’ve ever eaten Eastern Asian or Middle Eastern cuisine, there’s a good chance that you have encountered turmeric. Turmeric is a yellow colored powder that is often used as a food-coloring agent and as a spice in a variety of foods. It belongs to the ginger family and has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine to treat inflammation, infections, and various gastrointestinal ailments.

Fresh Turmeric and powder on wood

Westend61 / Getty Images

Health Benefits

The medicinal properties of turmeric's active ingredient, curcumin, have been recognized for centuries. Turmeric is used to treat a wide range of medical conditions. There is evidence to support some, but not all, of the medicinal uses for turmeric.

Cancer

There are ongoing studies to investigate how turmeric affects certain kinds of cancer. Animal studies have shown that it may prevent the disease in rats exposed to colon, stomach, and skin cancers. However, results have been inconsistent and more evidence is needed to confirm this benefit.

Infections and Inflammation

More evidence is needed to know for sure if turmeric can reduce infections or inflammation in humans. Preliminary animal and laboratory studies have suggested a possible benefit. And clinical trial showed that turmeric does not help lower viral load in HIV positive patients, according to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

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Cholesterol

The research on turmeric so far appears to be very favorable. Unfortunately, most of these studies have only involved animals. From these studies, it appears that turmeric mainly affects total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. One study conducted in rabbits fed a high-fat diet showed that turmeric appeared to lower LDL cholesterol levels and triglycerides, as well as preventing LDL from being oxidized. Oxidized LDL has been shown to contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis. The cholesterol-lowering effects of turmeric have remained consistent in these studies. 

Although this information appears promising, there is one hitch: there are hardly any studies that have looked at the ability of turmeric to lower cholesterol levels in humans. Since it does lower lipids in animals, it is thought that turmeric may also do the same in humans. However, the dosage and function of turmeric in humans in lowering cholesterol and triglycerides is still under investigation. The few, small studies that have examined the lipid-lowering effect of turmeric or its active ingredient, curcumin,1 noted that while there are slightly lowered total and LDL cholesterol levels, it is not a significant reduction. In these studies, people consumed anywhere between 60 mg and 1 gram of curcumin for up to six months.2

There are other popular uses for turmeric that are not yet supported by scientific studies. They include the treatment of:

Kidney stones

Stomach and intestinal gas

Alzheimer's disease

Eye inflammation

Bypass surgery

Crohn's disease

Diabetes

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Joint Pain

Psoriasis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Selection, Preparation, & Storage

If you are interested in using turmeric in your cooking, there are many recipes available. Some call for fresh turmeric and you will need to purchase the whole root in the produce section of your local market. But many recipes call for ground turmeric which you will find in the spice aisle of almost any supermarket.

Because its lipid-lowering ability is still being studied, there is no recommended amount of turmeric to consume. Therefore, you should follow the directions of your favorite recipes.

However, if are thinking about including high levels of turmeric in your diet or wish to consume it as a supplement, you should make sure that you consult your healthcare provider first. High amounts of this spice may aggravate certain medical conditions, including certain gastrointestinal conditions, diabetes, and bleeding disorders.

Possible Side Effects

Turmeric—when consumed in amounts typically consumed in food—usually does not cause significant side effects. But some people have reported experiencing stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, or diarrhea. 

Turmeric may lower blood sugar, might slow blood clotting, and may prevent the body from absorbing iron. In addition, turmeric may interfere with several medications including (but not limited to) medications for diabetes, medications changed by the liver, medications that slow blood clotting and many other. Lastly, using turmeric as a medicinal aid may make certain medical conditions worse, including (but not limited to) gallbladder problems, bleeding problems, GERD, and hormone-sensitive cancers.3

It is important that you discuss using turmeric with your healthcare provider if you are taking medication or if you are managing a medical condition.

Turmeric is likely unsafe when consumed in medicinal amounts by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Common Questions

What is the easiest way to add a small amount of turmeric to my diet?

Blend a small amount of turmeric into your morning smoothie, or add a teaspoon or two to your favorite soup recipe. Many people also add it to tea, to macaroni and cheese recipes, or to rice or other grain dishes.

What does turmeric taste like?

Since turmeric is a member of the ginger family, you may notice a familiar warmth (similar to ginger) when you consume this spice. It pairs well with chicken, fish, and beef and also with squashes such as pumpkin.

The spice known as turmeric may be the most effective nutritional supplement in existence.

Many high-quality studies show that turmeric has major benefits for your body and brain. Many of these benefits come from its main active ingredient, curcumin.

Read on to learn what the science says about turmeric and curcumin as well as their benefits.

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What are turmeric and curcumin?

Turmeric is the spice that gives curry its yellow color.

It has been used in India for thousands of years as both a spice and medicinal herb. Recently, science has started to back up traditional claims that turmeric contains compounds with medicinal properties (1Trusted Source).

These compounds are called curcuminoids. The most important one is curcumin.

Curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric. It has powerful anti-inflammatory effects and is a very strong antioxidant.

Here are the top 10 evidence-based health benefits of turmeric and curcumin.

1. Turmeric contains bioactive compounds with medicinal properties

However, the curcumin content of turmeric isn’t that high. It’s around 3%, by weight (2Trusted Source). Most of the studies on this herb use turmeric extracts that contain mostly curcumin itself, with dosages usually exceeding 1 gram per day.

It would be very difficult to reach these levels just using turmeric as a spice in your foods.

That’s why some people choose to use supplements.

However, curcumin is poorly absorbed into your bloodstream. In order to experience the full effects of curcumin, its bioavailability (the rate at which your body absorbs a substance) needs to improve (3Trusted Source).

It helps to consume it with black pepper, which contains piperine. Piperine is a natural substance that enhances the absorption of curcumin by 2,000% (4Trusted Source).

In fact, the best curcumin supplements contain piperine, and this makes them substantially more effective.

Curcumin is also fat soluble, which means it breaks down and dissolves in fat or oil. That’s why it may be a good idea to take curcumin supplements with a meal that’s high in fat.

SUMMARY

Turmeric contains curcumin, a substance with powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Most studies use turmeric extracts that are standardized to include large amounts of curcumin.

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2. Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory compound

Inflammation is incredibly important. It helps fight foreign invaders and has a role in repairing damage in your body.

Although acute, short-term inflammation is beneficial, it can be a concern if it becomes chronic and attacks your body’s own tissues.

Scientists now believe that chronic low-level inflammation can play a role in some health conditions and diseases. These include (5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source, 7Trusted Source):

heart disease

cancer

metabolic syndrome

Alzheimer’s disease

various degenerative conditions

That’s why anything that can help fight chronic inflammation is potentially important in preventing and helping treat these conditions.

While the topic of inflammation is multilayered and there’s likely no simple answer, the key takeaway regarding curcumin is that it is a bioactive substance that can fight inflammation. However, very high doses are required to produce medicinal results (8Trusted Source, 9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Chronic inflammation contributes to some common health conditions. Curcumin can suppress many molecules known to play major roles in inflammation, but its bioavailability needs to be enhanced.

3. Turmeric can increase the antioxidant capacity of the body

Oxidative damage is believed to be one of the mechanisms behind aging and many diseases.

It involves free radicals, highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons. Free radicals tend to react with important organic substances, such as fatty acids, proteins, or DNA.

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The main reason antioxidants are so beneficial is that they protect your body from free radicals.

Curcumin is a potent antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals due to its chemical structure (11Trusted Source).

In addition, animal and cellular studies suggest that curcumin may block the action of free radicals and may stimulate the action of other antioxidants. Further clinical studies are needed in humans to confirm these benefits (12Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

While curcumin has antioxidant effects, more studies are needed to confirm these benefits.

4. Curcumin can boost brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Before scientists had a better understanding of neurons, it was believed that they weren’t able to divide and multiply after early childhood. However, they now know that isn’t the case.

Neurons are capable of forming new connections, and in certain areas of the brain they can multiply and increase in number.

One of the main drivers of this process is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is a gene that’s involved in making a protein responsible for promoting the life of neurons.

The BDNF protein plays a role in memory and learning, and it can be found in areas of the brain responsible for eating, drinking, and body weight (13, 14).

Many common brain disorders have been linked to decreased levels of BDNF protein, including depression and Alzheimer’s disease (15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source).

Interestingly, animal studies have found that curcumin may increase brain levels of BDNF (17, 18).

By doing this, it may be effective in delaying or even reversing many brain diseases and age-related decreases in brain function. Still, since these studies were performed in animals, it’s hard to say what the results mean for humans (19Trusted Source, 20).

It may also help improve memory and attention, which seems logical given its effects on BDNF levels. However, more studies are needed to confirm this (21).

SUMMARY

Curcumin boosts levels of the brain hormone BDNF, which increases the growth of new neurons and may help fight various degenerative processes in your brain.

5. Curcumin may lower your risk of heart disease

Heart disease is the number one cause of death in the world (22Trusted Source). Researchers have studied it for many decades and learned a lot about why it happens. Unsurprisingly, heart disease is incredibly complicated and various things contribute to it.

Curcumin may help reverse many steps in the heart disease process (23Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source).

Perhaps the main benefit of curcumin when it comes to heart disease is improving the function of the endothelium, the lining of your blood vessels (25Trusted Source).

The endothelial dysfunction is a major driver of heart disease. This is when your endothelium is unable to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and various other factors (26Trusted Source).

Several studies suggest that curcumin can lead to improvements in heart health (27, 28). Additionally, one study found that it’s as effective as exercise in post-menopausal women (29Trusted Source).

In addition, curcumin can help reduce inflammation and oxidation (as discussed above), which can play a role in heart disease.

In one study of 121 people undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, researchers assigned them either a placebo or 4 grams of curcumin per day a few days before and after the surgery.

The curcumin group had a 65% decreased risk of experiencing a heart attack in the hospital (30Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Curcumin has beneficial effects on several factors known to play a role in heart disease. Plus, it’s an anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant.

6. Turmeric may help prevent cancer

Cancer is a disease, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. There are many different forms of cancer that appear to be affected by curcumin supplements (31).

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Curcumin has been studied as a beneficial herb in cancer treatment and been found to affect cancer growth and development (32Trusted Source).

Studies have shown that it can (33, 34):

contribute to the death of cancerous cells

reduce angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels in tumors)

reduce metastasis (spread of cancer)

Whether high-dose curcumin — preferably with an absorption enhancer like piperine — can help treat cancer in humans has yet to be studied properly.

However, there is evidence that it may prevent cancer from occurring in the first place, especially cancers of the digestive system like colorectal cancer (35Trusted Source).

In a 30-day study in 44 men with lesions in the colon that sometimes turn cancerous, 4 grams of curcumin per day reduced the number of lesions by 40% (36Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Curcumin leads to several changes on the molecular level that may help prevent and perhaps even treat cancer.

7. Curcumin may be useful in treating Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to up 70% of dementia cases (37Trusted Source).

While treatment exits for some of its symptoms, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s yet. That’s why preventing it from occurring in the first place is so important.

There may be good news on the horizon because curcumin has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (38Trusted Source).

It’s known that inflammation and oxidative damage play a role in Alzheimer’s disease, and curcumin has beneficial effects on both (39Trusted Source).

In addition, a key feature of Alzheimer’s disease is a buildup of protein tangles called amyloid plaques. Studies show that curcumin can help clear these plaques (40Trusted Source).

Whether curcumin can slow or even reverse the progression of Alzheimer’s disease in people is currently unknown and needs to be studied.

SUMMARY

Curcumin can cross the blood-brain barrier and has been shown to lead to various improvements in the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease.

8. Arthritis patients respond well to curcumin supplements

Arthritis is a common problem in Western countries. There are several different types of arthritis, most of which involve inflammation in the joints.

Given that curcumin is a potent anti-inflammatory compound, it makes sense that it may help with arthritis. In fact, several studies show that there is an association.

In a study in people with rheumatoid arthritis, curcumin was even more effective than an anti-inflammatory drug (41Trusted Source).

May other studies have looked at the effects of curcumin on arthritis and noted improvements in various symptoms (42Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Arthritis is a common disorder characterized by joint inflammation. Many studies show that curcumin can help treat symptoms of arthritis and is, in some cases, more effective than anti-inflammatory drugs.

9. Curcumin has benefits against depression

Curcumin has shown some promise in treating depression.

In a controlled trial, 60 people with depression were randomized into three groups (43Trusted Source). One group took Prozac, another group took 1 gram of curcumin, and the third group took both Prozac and curcumin.

After 6 weeks, curcumin had led to improvements similar to those of Prozac. The group that took both Prozac and curcumin fared best (44Trusted Source).

According to this small study, curcumin is as effective as an antidepressant.

Depression is also linked to reduced levels of BDNF and a shrinking hippocampus, a brain area with a role in learning and memory. Curcumin can help boost BDNF levels, potentially reversing some of these changes (45).

There’s also some evidence that curcumin can boost the brain neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine (46, 47).

SUMMARY

A study in 60 people with depression showed that curcumin was as effective as Prozac in alleviating symptoms of the condition.

10. Curcumin may help delay aging and fight age-related chronic diseases

If curcumin can really help prevent heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s, it may have benefits for longevity as well.

This suggests that curcumin may have potential as an anti-aging supplement (48Trusted Source).

Given that oxidation and inflammation are believed to play a role in aging, curcumin may have effects that go way beyond just preventing disease (49Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Due to its many positive health effects, such as the potential to prevent heart disease, Alzheimer’s, and cancer, curcumin may aid longevity.

The bottom line

Turmeric — and especially its most active compound, curcumin — have many scientifically proven health benefits, such as the potential to improve heart health and prevent against Alzheimer’s and cancer.

It’s a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. It may also help improve symptoms of depression and arthritis.

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While these benefits are possible, they are limited at this time because of curcumin’s scarce bioavailability, and more research is needed.

How much turmeric should I take to lower cholesterol?

You may know turmeric primarily as a spice, but it’s also used in Ayurvedic medicine, a holistic approach to health that originated in India over 3,000 years ago (1Trusted Source).

Turmeric supplements are now widely available for medicinal use, but knowing how much to take can be confusing.

Here’s a look at the uses and benefits of turmeric, effective doses and safety concerns.

Uses and Benefits

Curcumin, a potent plant chemical in turmeric, is believed to have powerful anti-inflammatory effects (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).

Many studies indicate that chronic, low-grade inflammation may be a key factor in developing conditions like heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source, 7Trusted Source).

In test-tube and animal studies, curcumin has been shown to block certain biological pathways leading to inflammation (8Trusted Source).

The effects of turmeric and curcumin have also been investigated by randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the gold standard of research.

While some were inconclusive, many produced significant results.

For instance, several studies found that turmeric may reduce knee pain and improve function in people with osteoarthritis — one even suggests it may work as well as ibuprofen for reducing pain (9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source).

In another RCT, 120 overweight individuals took turmeric supplements for three months. On average, total cholesterol was reduced by 32%, “bad” LDL cholesterol by 42% and triglycerides by 39% (12).

Turmeric may also improve quality of life for people with chronic kidney disease who are experiencing itchy skin. In one RCT, those taking turmeric had decreased markers of inflammation and reported less itching (13Trusted Source).

Though less conclusive, other RCTs indicate turmeric may play a beneficial role in heart disease, diabetes prevention, surgery recovery and irritable bowel syndrome (14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Turmeric contains curcumin, a potent plant chemical with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Many suggested benefits of turmeric are supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials — the gold standard of research.

Effective Doses

Studies typically use doses of 500–2,000 mg of turmeric per day, often in the form of an extract with a curcumin concentration that is much higher than the amounts naturally occurring in foods.

For instance, the average Indian diet provides around 2,000–2,500 mg of turmeric (60–100 mg of curcumin) per day. The same amount in extract form may pack up to 1,900–2,375 mg of curcumin (18Trusted Source).

In other words, turmeric spices contain around 3% curcumin, compared to 95% curcumin in extracts (19).

Nonetheless, turmeric may still have benefits when used as a spice.

One observational study in older adults positively associated curry consumption with cognitive health (20Trusted Source).

While there is no official consensus on effective turmeric or curcumin doses, the following have been used in research with promising results (9Trusted Source, 12, 13Trusted Source):

For osteoarthritis: 500 mg of turmeric extract twice daily for 2–3 months.

For high cholesterol: 700 mg of turmeric extract twice daily for 3 months.

For itchy skin: 500 mg of turmeric three times daily for 2 months.

High doses of turmeric and curcumin are not recommended long-term since research confirming their safety is lacking.

However, the World Health Organization (WHO) has determined 1.4 mg per pound (0–3 mg/kg) of body weight an acceptable daily intake (18Trusted Source).

Keep in mind, all herbal supplements should be used with caution. Always notify your health care provider of any supplements you’re taking, including turmeric and curcumin.

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SUMMARY

Research indicates that turmeric doses of 500–2,000 mg per day may be effective. However, high doses are not recommended long-term.

Who Should Not Take It?

Although turmeric is believed to be safe for most individuals, certain people may have to avoid it.

These conditions warrant extreme caution:

Pregnancy and breastfeeding: There is not enough research to determine if turmeric supplements are safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Gallbladder disease: Turmeric may cause the gallbladder to contract, worsening symptoms (21Trusted Source).

Kidney stones: It’s high in oxalate, which can bind with calcium and cause kidney stones formation (22Trusted Source).

Bleeding disorders: It may slow the ability of your blood to clot, which can worsen bleeding problems (23Trusted Source).

Diabetes: It may cause blood sugar levels to drop too low (24Trusted Source).

Iron-deficiency: It may interfere with iron absorption (25Trusted Source).

In addition, turmeric supplements can interact with certain medications such as blood thinners and diabetes medications (24Trusted Source, 26Trusted Source).

However, turmeric seems to be safe under these circumstances in the amounts typically eaten in food.

SUMMARY

Turmeric supplements are unsafe if you are pregnant, breastfeeding or have certain conditions. Supplements can also interact with blood thinners and diabetes medications. However, turmeric seems to be safe when used as a spice in food.

WERBUNG

Adverse Effects

For short periods of time, doses of up to 8 grams per day have been used in research without any toxic effects.

Still, side effects have been reported.

The more common adverse effects include allergic reactions, stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting (27Trusted Source, 28Trusted Source).

In one severe instance, an individual taking high doses of 1,500–2,250 mg twice daily experienced an abnormal heart rhythm (29Trusted Source).

More studies are needed to determine possible additional adverse effects associated with long-term use.

SUMMARY

Minimal adverse effects of taking turmeric supplements short-term have been reported, but more long-term studies are needed.

Choosing a Supplement

Extracts are the most potent form of turmeric supplements.

They’re concentrated, packing up to 95% of curcumin. In contrast, powders and spices can contain as little as 3% of curcuminoids (19).

What’s more, extracts are less likely to be contaminated with other substances such as heavy metals (19).

Whatever form of turmeric you choose, consider combining your supplement with black pepper. Black pepper contains the compound piperine, which has been shown to increase curcumin absorption by 2,000% (19, 30Trusted Source).

And, as always, make sure you buy from a reputable brand.

Consider supplements that have been tested by a third party, such as NSF International, Informed Choice or the US Pharmacopeial Convention (USP).

These companies ensure you are getting what’s on the label and that your product is free from contaminants.

SUMMARY

Turmeric extracts are highly concentrated with curcumin and less likely to be contaminated with other substances. All supplements should be bought from a reputable source.

The Bottom Line

Research suggests 500–2,000 mg of turmeric per day may have potential benefits, particularly in extract form.

The exact dose may depend on the medical condition, for which you seek help, though official dosing recommendations are unavailable.

The risk of side effects is minimal but turmeric supplements are unsuitable for some people.

As with any supplement, turmeric should be used with caution and you should discuss its use with your doctor.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a member of the ginger family. Its roots, which have a notable orange color, have been used as a natural dye, food additive, and medicinal herb for centuries.

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Native to southern India and Indonesia, turmeric has a peppery aroma and strong, slightly bitter flavor. It’s a main ingredient in curry powder mixes, but can be added to numerous other dishes. In some parts of Asia, it’s added to water and applied to the face for glowing skin.

Turmeric can be found in the spice aisle of any grocery store. It’s also available in more concentrated amounts as a supplement. You can even consume it as a tea by steeping the root in hot water. Bagged turmeric tea can also be found at most health food stores.

Curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric — it’s what gives the root its distinctive color. While several studies indicate that there are potential benefits to turmeric and curcumin, further research is needed to confirm the degree of its positive effects.

Nutrition Information

You can make turmeric tea by steeping ground, freshly sliced, or grated turmeric in hot water and letting it steep for about 10-15 minutes. A single cup of turmeric tea made with one teaspoon of ground turmeric provides:

Calories: 8

Protein: 0 grams

Fat: 0 grams

Carbohydrates: 1 gram

Fiber: 0 grams

Sugar: 0 grams

Turmeric also contains:

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B6

Vitamin C

Calcium

Copper

Manganese

Iron

Potassium 

Zinc

The root itself has flavonoids, beta-carotene, and curcumin. These powerful antioxidants may all provide several health benefits, such as reduced inflammation and the prevention of chronic diseases.

Potential Health Benefits of Turmeric Tea

Curcumin is the most potent ingredient in turmeric. That said, it has low bioavailability, meaning that the body doesn’t absorb it well.

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Still, research has found that turmeric tea may have several potential health benefits:

Immune SystemSupport

The curcumin in turmeric contains antioxidants that can boost your immune system. Curcumin could act as an immune modulator, which means that it may aid in the regulation of immune cells. 

Reduced Inflammation

One of the most popular applications of turmeric tea is in the treatment of arthritis pain. Curcumin provides powerful anti-inflammatory properties. One study shows that it may be effective in the management of osteoarthritis pain. Some studies show that it may be as effective as some medications, without the side effects. 

Heart Health

Curcumin from turmeric tea may help lower LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) as well as total cholesterol levels. Taking curcumin before and after coronary artery bypass surgery may help decrease the risk of having a heart attack. 

Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Numerous studies show curcumin’s promise as an anticancer drug. It may slow the growth of cancer cells. It can also help prevent the development of cancer, especially in the digestive system. 

Brain Health

Curcumin in turmeric tea may slow or prevent changes in the brain linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. It has the potential to aid in the treatment of depression as well.

Potential Risks of Turmeric Tea

In general, turmeric tea is well-tolerated by most people. However, there are some potential risks to keep in mind:

Medication Interference

The Power of Neem and Turmeric

The curcumin in turmeric may lower your blood sugar or blood pressure. If you take medications for high blood pressure, like Warfarin, or diabetes, you should consult with your doctor before adding turmeric tea to your diet. 

Pregnancy Concerns

While there is little evidence to support this claim, some believe that turmeric may stimulate labor contractions. Pregnant women may want to avoid turmeric tea or speak with their doctor before drinking it. 

Bile Duct Blockages

Turmeric can increase bile production, which may cause problems for those who have had bile duct blockages, gallstones, or liver disease. Again, consult with your doctor if you have (or have had) any of these conditions.