Game World!: Where is brew installed on Mac?

This tutorial provides a deep dive of Homebrew, a package manager for Mac OSX (MacOS) that’s like other package mangers for Linux:

Distribution	Package Manager	Format	GUI tools
Darwin (macOS)	Homebrew	-	brew
Debian, Ubuntu	dpkg	.deb	APT (Advanced Packaging Tool)
RedHat, Fedora, openSUSE	RPM	.rpm	Yum, apt4rpm, up2date, urpmi, ZYpp, poldek
Slackware	tgz	-	-
Arch Linux, Frugalware, DeLi Linux	Pacman	-	-
Puppy Linux	PETget	-	-
Windows	Chocolatey	-	choco

Step-by-step instructions are provided here to install Homebrew itself and then install Homebrew packages based on the name of formulae specified for installation in a command such as:

brew install wget

DEFINITION: A formula provides instructions on how to install packages and their dependencies, such as where to find tar.gzip files for download.

Brew installs packages in its own Cellar directory (folder) and adds symlinks to the /usr/local folder.

Homebrew is the newest and most popular package utility on OSX.

Homebrew’s web page is at http://brew.sh

Alternatives to Homebrew

https://www.macports.org

sudo port install tree

http://www.finkproject.org

Preparations: XCode CLI

Make a full backup of your system right before following these instructions.
Open the App Store to install XCode, Apple’s IDE for developing Swift and Objective-C to run on iPhones and iPads.
PROTIP: Apple’s App Store only installs .app files. So programs invoked from the command line Terminal (such as gcc) need to be installed a different way.

To verify XCode CLI install:


/usr/bin/xcodebuild -version

This message means that it’s not installed:

xcode-select: error: tool 'xcodebuild' requires Xcode, but active developer directory '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools' is a command line tools instance

Open a Terminal to install XCode CLI:
```
xcode-select --install
```
If XCode is not already installed, you are prompted to install it:
Installation is to folder: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/.
Homebrew requires OS X 10.5+ and the Xcode command line tools.
To download the Command Line Utilities, go to https://developer.apple.com/download/more/ and look for your version of “Command Line Tools (macOS 10.14) for XCode 10”, one that doesn’t say “beta”.
Since the El Capitan version of Mac OSX, file permissions in /usr/local have changed, causing error messages such as:
```
The linking step did not complete successfully
The formula built, but is not symlinked into /usr/local
```
xcrun: error: invalid active developer path (/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools), missing xcrun at: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/xcrun
So in a Terminal shell window at any folder:
sudo chown -R :staff /usr/local

Verify installation by getting the version of the GNU Compiler Collection:

gcc --version

You should see something like this (for Mojave):

Configured with: --prefix=/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr --with-gxx-include-dir=/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/include/c++/4.2.1
Apple LLVM version 10.0.0 (clang-1000.10.44.4)
Target: x86_64-apple-darwin18.2.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin

Install Homebrew

Homebrew makes use of Ruby, which comes with macOS.

Install Homebrew if you haven’t already.
```
ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
```
CAUTION: Don’t press Enter on the Terminal until the Download Software dialog reaches 100%.
Press the Enter key to the message:
Press RETURN to continue or any other key to abort. then
To proceed, enter the root password, or type Ctrl+C to abort.
NOTE: The download is from
https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew/
HISTORICAL NOTE: Previously, the Homebrew installer was at
https://raw.github.com/Homebrew/homebrew/go/install/
Identify where the Homebrew program itself is located:
```
which brew
```
The response is the brew executable program at:
```
/usr/local/bin/brew
```
The “brew” above is a shell script file.
PROTIP: The “/usr/local” is the default specified by the $HOMEBREW_PREFIX enviornment variable.
Identify where the Homebrew program stores packages:
```
brew --repository
```
The response:
```
/usr/local/Homebrew
```
Update Homebrew itself
Get Homebrew version:
```
brew -v
```
The response (at time of writing):
```
Homebrew 2.1.4
Homebrew/homebrew-core (git revision 07aa4; last commit 2019-06-04)
Homebrew/homebrew-cask (git revision 1a93c; last commit 2019-06-04)
```
NOTE: Homebrew is open-sourced at
https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew/blob/master/share/doc/homebrew/Common-Issues.md
To update Homebrew itself and its formulas:
brew update brew update
Yes, run it twice to make sure all dependencies took.
Each run can take several minutes.

Formulas

Popular formulas

wget

iterm2

htop

geoip

nmap

Search for a formula to install

Use an internet browser (such as Google Chrome) to view formula defined in
- http://braumeister.org provides recent activity.
- http://brewformulas.org
Install formula
Install the wget command-line utility by formula name (for example, wget):
brew install wget
This installs to folder /usr/local/bin/wget.
See Tips & Tricks on how to use proxy, remove the beer mug emoji, highlighting within editors, etc.
How many?
Get a count of kegs, how many files, and the disk space they take:
```
brew info --all
```
A sample response:
```
15 kegs, 18,528 files, 540.6M
```
Where did it go?
List where .tar.gz “bottle” files are downloaded into from the internet:
DEFINITION: A “Bottle” is a pre-built binary Keg used for installation instead of building from source. It can be unpacked.
```
brew --cache
```
The response includes your user name, which enables Homebrew to work without using sudo (elevation to root).
```
/Users/mac/Library/Caches/Homebrew
```
The equivalent of the above is:
```
~/Library/Caches/Homebrew
```

List bottles downloaded:

ls ~/Library/Caches/Homebrew

Examples of responses:

autoconf-2.69.el_capitan.bottle.4.tar.gz	
maven-3.3.9.tar.gz
awscli-1.10.44.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
node-6.2.2.tar.xz
docker-1.11.2.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
openssl-1.0.2h_1.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
gimp-2.8.16-x86_64.dmg
pkg-config-0.29.1.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
libgpg-error-1.23.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
readline-6.3.8.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
libksba-1.3.4.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz

List brew formulas installed:
ls /usr/local/Cellar brew list brew ls
The alternative commands above all do the same thing of the same folder, for example:
```
autoconf	awscli		libgpg-error	libtool		maven		node		pkg-config	xz
automake	docker		libksba		libyaml		mysql		openssl		readline
```
There is no response if no brew package has been installed.
See one level below one of the above folders for a specific formula, such as openssl:
```
ls /usr/local/Cellar/openssl/
```
It is usually a version number, such as:
```
1.0.2h_1
```
DEFINITION: A “Keg” is the installation prefix of a formula, such as:
```
openssl-1.0.2h_1.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz
```
Packages
List brew package .rb (Ruby language) files installed:
```
ls /usr/local/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core/Formula
```
The response is a long list.
List brew package folders:
brew search
The response is a long list.

Troubleshoot Homebrew

Different ways to install weget.
The above is one of several ways to install the wget command-line utility.
One way is to install Apple’s Xcode.
```
	
brew install --build-from-source wget
```
Test wget operating:
cd ~/Downloads wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.15.tar.gz

Verify brew installation:

brew doctor

If you see this message at the top of messages returned:

Warning: Unbrewed header files were found in /usr/local/include.
If you didn't put them there on purpose they could cause problems when
building Homebrew formulae, and may need to be deleted.

The above may occur if curl and nodejs were installed without using homebrew.

Remove them before installing node and curl using Homebrew:


rm -rf /usr/local/include/node/

Create symlinks to installations performed manually in Cellar. This allows you to have the flexibility to install things on your own but still have those participate as dependencies in homebrew formulas.
First, see what exactly will be overwritten, without actually doing it:
```
brew link --overwrite --dry-run openssl
```
The response is:
```
Warning: openssl is keg-only and must be linked with --force
Note that doing so can interfere with building software.
```
“Keg-only” refers to a formula installed only into the Cellar and not linked into /usr/local, which means most tools will not find it. This is to avoid conflicting with the system version of the same package.
Alternately, if aswcli is specified for dry-run, the response is:
```
Warning: Already linked: /usr/local/Cellar/awscli/1.10.44
To relink: brew unlink awscli && brew link awscli
```
brew link
NOTE: Homebrew installs to the Cellar it then symlinks some of the installation into /usr/local so that other programs can see what’s going on.
A symlink to the active version of a Keg is called an “opt prefix”.

List where a link goes:

ls -l $(which wget)

/usr/local/bin/wget -> /usr/local/Cellar/wget/1.18/bin/wget

Prune symlinks

If you see this message:

Warning: Broken symlinks were found. Remove them with `brew prune`:


brew prune

A sample response:

Pruned 1598 symbolic links and 185 directories from /usr/local

List formula (package definitions):
brew edit $FORMULA
The above command brings you to your default text editor (vim or whatever is specified in the $EDITOR variable).
Type :q to quit out.

Upgrade brew formulas

List brew packages that are obsolete:
brew outdated
To stop a specific package from being updated/upgraded, pin it:
brew pin $FORMULA
$FORMULA is ???
To allow that formulae to update again, unpin it.
Download and update ALL software packages installed:
brew upgrade
To see which files would be removed as no longer needed:
brew cleanup -n
No response if there is nothing to clean. Otherwise, example:
```
Warning: Skipping awscli: most recent version 1.16.170 not installed
```

To really remove all files no longer needed:

brew cleanup

A sample response:

Removing: /Users/mac/Library/Caches/Homebrew/mariadb-10.1.14.el_capitan.bottle.tar.gz... (36.6M)
==> This operation has freed approximately 36.6M of disk space.

Remove/Uninstalll

PROTIP: Before deleting, identify its dependencies. For example:

brew deps python3</strong>

would yield:

   gdbm
openssl
readline
sqlite
xz
   

Two delete commands does the same:

   brew uninstall package

   brew remove package

Additional flags:

   `–force` or `-f` forcibly removes all versions of that package.

   `–ignore-dependencies` ignore dependencies for the formula when uninstalling the designated package, which may cause other brews to no longer work correctly.




## Tap #

Brew tap adds repos not in the Homebrew master repo
from inside a larger package.

https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/blob/master/docs/brew-tap.md
says tap adds to the list of formulae that brew tracks, updates, and installs from.

0. List brew tap packages already installed:

   brew tap
   

0. Install the ip tool included with iproute2 on Linux:

   brew tap brona/iproute2mac
   brew install iproute2mac
   

   The command specififies the account and repo in GitHub, as in

   https://github.com/brona/iproute2mac
   
   or https://superuser.com/questions/687310/ip-command-in-mac-os-x-terminal

   ifconfig en0 | grep inet | grep -v inet6 | cut -d ' ' -f2
   

0. Try it (instead of ifconfig):

   ip
   ip addr show en0
   

0. Remove a tap:

   brew untap brona/iproute2mac
   





## brew install --cask #

Homebrew cask extends homebrew and brings its elegance, simplicity, and speed to 
MacOS (OS X) GUI applications and large binaries.


https://caskroom.github.io

With Cask, you can skip the long URLs, 
the "To install, drag this icon…", and manually deleting installer files.

0. Temporarily set the permissions on /usr/local:

   sudo chown $USER /usr/local
   

0. Install brew cask:

   brew tap caskroom/cask
   brew install brew-cask
   

   Applications are kept in their Caskroom under /opt and symblinked to $HOME/Applications
   from 

   
   https://github.com/caskroom/homebrew-cask

0. 
   https://caskroom.github.io, the home page, said there are 3,197 casks as of June 5, 2016.

   QUESTION: Is there a graph of growth in cask counts over time?

0. Install the cask extension to Homebrew:

   brew tap caskroom/cask
   

   Alternately:

   ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)" < /dev/null 2> /dev/null ; brew install caskroom/cask/brew-cask 2> /dev/null
   

0. Search for a cask by name, in website is where casks are obtained:

   
   https://github.com/caskroom/homebrew-cask/search?utf8=✓

   Alternately, run a search command. This example searches for "yo":

   brew cask search yo
   

   PROTIP: One should see the cask definition before using it.
   I would be suspicious of casks with sparse information.

   The safe way to get the homepage URL of the programmer is from here (don't Google it and end up at a rogue site).

0. Look at some cask definitions:

   
   https://github.com/caskroom/homebrew-cask/blob/master/Casks/google-chrome.rb
   is a sample cask definition:


cask 'google-chrome' do
  version :latest
  sha256 :no_check

  url 'https://dl.google.com/chrome/mac/stable/GGRO/googlechrome.dmg'
  name 'Google Chrome'
  homepage 'https://www.google.com/chrome/'
  license :gratis

  auto_updates true

  app 'Google Chrome.app'

  zap delete: [
                '~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome',
                '~/Library/Caches/Google/Chrome',
                '~/Library/Caches/com.google.Chrome',
                '~/Library/Caches/com.google.Chrome.helper.EH',
                '~/Library/Caches/com.google.Keystone.Agent',
                '~/Library/Caches/com.google.SoftwareUpdate',
                '~/Library/Google/GoogleSoftwareUpdate',
                '~/Library/Logs/GoogleSoftwareUpdateAgent.log',
              ],
      rmdir:  [
                '~/Library/Caches/Google',
                '~/Library/Google',
              ]
end


0. Install the cask:

   brew install --cask google-chrome
   

   Cask downloads then moves the app to the ~/Applications folder,
   so it can be opened this way:

0. Open the installed cask from Terminal:

   open /Applications/"Google Chrome.app"
   

0. Installing with cask enables you to cleanup:

   brew cask cleanup
   


   ### Error prevention

   
   If you get an error about "permissions denied":

0. Create a Caskroom folder

   cd ~
   mkdir Caskroom
   

0. Edit the .bash_profile

   vim ~/.bash_profile
   

0. Add this line:

   export HOMEBREW_CASK_OPTS="--appdir=~/Applications --caskroom=~/Caskroom"
   

   QUESTION: The use of --caskroom is deprecated?

0. Save the file.
0. Restart the terminal.

   source ~/.bash_profile
   


## GUI for Homebrew packages

https://www.cakebrew.com/ is a GUI to help manage Homebrew packages:

   brew install --cask cakebrew


## Analytics off

Homebrew now defaults to retrieving behavioral analytics tracking. Although anonymized, you may not want to participate in that. To disable the extra network traffic:

   
   brew analytics off
   

## Debian apt-get

Download Fink commander Fink Installer.pkg from

http://finkcommander.sourceforge.net/help/install.php


This explains: 
Fink stores data in the directory “/sw” by default. 
This goes against the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard’s recommendation to use “/usr/local”. 
Within Fink’s directory, a FHS-like layout (/sw/bin, /sw/include, /sw/lib, etc.) is used.


## Documentation #

0. For more documentation on brew, look 
   here and:

   
   man brew
   


## Social media #

Social media from 
brew's readme:

   * @MacHomebrew on Twitter
   * IRC freenode.net#machomebrew
   * Email homebrew-discuss@googlegroups.com
   * 
     Read archive of emails at https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/homebrew-discuss


## More on OSX

This is one of a series on Mac OSX:

* [MacOS Hardware and accessories](/apple-macbook-hardware/)
* [MacOS Boot-up](/macos-bootup/)
* [MacOS Versions](/apple-mac-osx-versions/)

* [MacOS Terminal Tips and Tricks](/mac-osx-terminal/)
* [MacOS Find (files and text in files)](/find/)
* [MacOS Keyboard tricks](/apple-mac-osx-keyboard/)
* [Text editors and IDEs on MacOS](/text-editors/)

* [Command-line utilities for MacOS](/mac-utilities/)

* [MacOS Setup automation](/ansible-mac-osx-setup/)
* [MacOS Homebrew installers](/macos-homebrew/)
* [Task Runners Grunt and Gulp](/task-runners/)

* [Printing from macOS or Linux](/printing/)
* [Manage Disk Space on MacOS](/mac-diskspace/)
* [Data Backups on MacOS](/apple-mac-osx-backup/)
* [Screen capture on MacOS](/screen-capture-apple-mac-osx/)

* [Ports open](/ports-open/)
* [Applications on MacOS](/apple-mac-osx-apps/)
* [1password on MacOS](/1password/)

* [MacOS iPhone integration](/mac-iphone/)

* [Windows on Apple MacOS](/windows-on-apple-mac-osx/)
* [Packer create Vagrant Windows image](/packer/)
* [Remote into Windows](/rdp/)

* [Python on MacOS](/python-install/)
* [Maven on MacOS](/maven-on-macos/)
* [Ruby on MacOS](/ruby-on-apple-mac-osx/)
* [Java on MacOS](/java-on-apple-mac-osx/)
* [Node on MacOS installation](/node-osx-install/)
* [PHP on MacOS](/php-on-apple-mac-osx/)
* [Scala ecosystem](/scala-ecosystem/)

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Wednesday 30 June 2021

Where is brew installed on Mac?

Alternatives to Homebrew

Preparations: XCode CLI

Install Homebrew

Update Homebrew itself

Formulas

Popular formulas

Search for a formula to install

Install formula

How many?

Where did it go?

Packages

Troubleshoot Homebrew

Prune symlinks

Upgrade brew formulas

Remove/Uninstalll

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