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Wednesday, 1 July 2020

Dorothy Dandridge

Dorothy Jean Dandridge (November 9, 1922 – September 8, 1965) was an American film and theatre actress, singer, and dancer. She is one of the first black actresses to have a successful Hollywood career and the first to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1954 film Carmen Jones.[3] Dandridge performed as a vocalist in venues such as the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theater. During her early career, she performed as a part of The Wonder Children, later The Dandridge Sisters, and appeared in a succession of films, usually in uncredited roles.

In 1959, Dandridge was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Porgy and Bess. She is the subject of the 1999 HBO biographical film, Introducing Dorothy Dandridge. She has been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Dandridge was married and divorced twice, first to dancer Harold Nicholas (the father of her daughter, Harolyn Suzanne) and then to hotel owner Jack Denison. Dandridge died under mysterious circumstances at age 42.[4]

Early life[edit]

Dandridge was born on November 9, 1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, to aspiring entertainer Ruby Dandridge (née Butler) (March 3, 1900 – October 17, 1987) and Cyril Dandridge (October 25, 1895 – July 9, 1989),[5][6] a cabinetmaker and Baptist minister; her parents separated just before her birth.

Ruby created a song-and-dance act for her two young daughters, Vivian and Dorothy, under the name The Wonder Children; the act was managed by her lover, Geneva Williams;[7] Williams is said to have had a bad temper and to have cruelly disciplined the children.[8] The sisters toured the Southern United States almost nonstop for five years (rarely attending school), while Ruby worked and performed in Cleveland.[9]

During the Great Depression, work virtually dried up for the Dandridges, as it did for many Chitlin' Circuit performers. Ruby moved to Hollywood, California, where she found steady work on radio and film in small domestic-servant parts. After that relocation, in 1930, Dorothy attended McKinley Junior High School.[10]

The Wonder Children were renamed The Dandridge Sisters in 1934, and Dandridge and her sister were teamed with dance schoolmate Etta Jones.[7]

Career[edit]

Beginnings[edit]

The Dandridge Sisters continued strong for several years, and were booked in several high-profile nightclubs, including the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theater.[11] Dandridge's first on-screen appearance was a small part in an Our Gang comedy short, Teacher's Beau in 1935.[12] As a part of The Dandridge Sisters, she also appeared in The Big Broadcast of 1936 (1936) with Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, A Day at the Races with the Marx Brothers, and It Can't Last Forever (both 1937) with the Jackson Brothers.[13] Although these appearances were relatively minor, Dandridge continued to earn recognition through continuing her nightclub performances nationwide.

Dandridge's first credited film role was in Four Shall Die (1940). The race film cast her as a murderer and did little for her film career. Because of her rejection of stereotypical black roles, she had limited options for film roles.[14] She had small roles in Lady from Louisiana with John Wayne and Sundown with Gene Tierney (both in 1941). Dandridge appeared as part of a Specialty Number, "Chattanooga Choo Choo", in the hit 1941 musical Sun Valley Serenade for 20th Century Fox. The film marked the first time she performed with the Nicholas Brothers.[15] Aside from her film appearances, Dandridge appeared in a succession of "soundies" – film clips that were displayed on jukeboxes, including "Paper Doll" by the Mills Brothers, "Cow, Cow Boogie", "Jig in the Jungle", and "Mr. and Mrs. Carpenter's Rent Party" also called "Swing for my Supper", among others. These films were noted not only for showcasing Dandridge as singer and dancer and her acting abilities, but also for featuring a strong emphasis on her physical attributes.

She continued to appear occasionally in films and on the stage throughout the rest of the 1940s, and though performing as a band singer in some good company, Count Basie in Hit Parade of 1943 and Louis Armstrong, Atlantic City 1944 and Pillow to Post 1945. In 1951, Dandridge appeared as Melmendi, Queen of the Ashuba in Tarzan's Peril, starring Lex Barker and Virginia Huston. When the Motion Picture Production Code tut-tutted about the film's "blunt sexuality",[citation needed] Dandridge received considerable attention for wearing what was considered "provocatively revealing" clothing.[citation needed] The continuing publicity buzz surrounding Dandridge's wardrobe got her pictured on the April 1951 cover of Ebony. That same year, she had a supporting role in The Harlem Globetrotters (1951).

In May 1951, Dandridge spectacularly opened at the Mocambo nightclub in West Hollywood after assiduous coaching and decisions on style with pianist Phil Moore.[a] This success seemed a new turn to her career and she appeared in New York and at Café de Paris in London with equal success.[17] In a return engagement at the Mocambo in December 1952, a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio agent saw Dandridge and recommended to production chief Dore Schary that she might make an appearance as a club singer, in her own name, in Remains to Be Seen, already in production. Her acquaintance with Dore Schary resulted in his casting Dandridge as Jane Richards in Bright Road—her first starring role, projecting herself as a "wonderful, emotional actress"—which the trailer was to later promote. The film, which centered on a teacher's struggles to reach out to a troubled student, marked the first time Dandridge appeared in a film opposite Harry Belafonte. She continued her performances in nightclubs thereafter and appeared on multiple early television variety shows, including Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town.[18]

Carmen Jones and 20th Century-Fox[edit]

In 1953, a nationwide talent search arose as 20th Century Fox began the process of casting the all-black musical film adaptation of Oscar Hammerstein II's 1943 Broadway musical Carmen Jones, conceptually Georges Bizet's opera Carmen updated to a World War II-era African-American setting. Under consideration, but available to director and writer Otto Preminger to view for suitability was Dandridge's starring role from the previous year, Bright Road. This performance, and the general audience's acquaintance with it, did not find Preminger considering Dandridge for Carmen, feeling her presentation in 'Bright Road' would be better suited for the smaller role of the quiet Cindy Lou. Dandridge, recalling her experiences of having to dress down to the demure school teacher for the screen tests of 'Bright Road', outrageously worked on and created a look with the aid of Max Factor make-up artists, to obtain the appearance and character of the earthy title role Carmen, and confronted Preminger in his executive office. With this meeting, and a subsequent viewing of her freer, looser appearances in the 'soundies' material,[19] Preminger gave her the role. The remainder of the cast was completed with Harry Belafonte, Pearl Bailey, Brock Peters, Diahann Carroll, Madame Sul-Te-Wan (uncredited), Olga James, and Joe Adams.[20]

Despite Dandridge's recognition as a singer, the studio wanted an operatic voice, so Dandridge's voice was dubbed by operatic vocalist Marilyn Horne for the film. Carmen Jones opened to favorable reviews and strong box-office returns on October 28, 1954, earning $70,000 during its first week and $50,000 during its second. Dandridge's performance as the seductive leading actress made her one of Hollywood's first African-American sex symbols and earned her positive reviews. On November 1, 1954, Dorothy Dandridge became the first black woman featured on the cover of Life. As Walter Winchell recalled, her performance was "bewitching" and Variety said her "performance maintains the right hedonistic note throughout".[21]

Carmen Jones became a worldwide success, eventually earning over $10 million at the box office and becoming one of the year's highest-earning films. Dandridge was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, becoming the first African-American nominated for a leading role. At the 27th Academy Awards held on March 30, 1955, Dandridge shared her Oscar nomination with such luminaries as Grace Kelly, Audrey Hepburn, Judy Garland, and Jane Wyman. Although Kelly won the award for her performance in The Country Girl, Dandridge became an overnight sensation. At the 1955 Oscar ceremony, Dandridge presented the Academy Award for Film Editing to On the Waterfront editor Gene Milford.

On February 15, 1955, Dandridge signed a three-movie deal with 20th Century Fox starting at $75,000 a film. Darryl F. Zanuck, the studio head, had personally suggested the studio sign Dandridge to a contract. Zanuck had big plans for her, hoping she would evolve into the first African-American screen icon. He purchased the film rights to The Blue Angel and intended to cast her as saloon singer Lola-Lola in an all-black remake of the original 1930 film. She was also scheduled to star as Cigarette in a remake of Under Two Flags. Meanwhile, Dandridge agreed to play the role of Tuptim in a film version of The King and I and a sultry upstairs neighbor in The Lieutenant Wore Skirts. However, her former director and now-lover Otto Preminger, suggested she accept only leading roles. As an international star, Dorothy Dandridge rejected the two lesser roles and they were eventually given to Puerto Rican actress Rita Moreno.[15][unreliable source?]

On April 11, 1955, Dandridge became the first black performer to open at the Empire Room inside New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel.[22] Her success as a headliner led to the hotel booking other black performers such as the Count Bassie Orchestra with vocalist Joe Williams, Pearl Bailey, and Lena Horne.[23]

Hollywood Research, Inc. trial[edit]

In 1957, Dandridge sued Confidential for libel over its article that described a scandalous incident, fictitious as it turned out, that it claimed occurred in 1950. In May 1957, she accepted an out-of-court settlement of $10,000.[24]

Dandridge was one of the few Hollywood stars who testified at the 1957 criminal libel trial of Hollywood Research, Inc., the company that published Confidential as well as all of the other tabloid magazines from that era.[25] Four months after her out-of-court settlement for $10,000, she and actress Maureen O'Hara, the only other star who testified at the criminal trial, were photographed shaking hands outside the downtown-Los Angeles courtroom where the highly publicized trial was held.[25] Testimony from O'Hara, as well as from a disgruntled former magazine editor named Howard Rushmore, revealed that the magazines published false information provided by hotel maids, clerks, and movie-theater ushers who were paid for their tips. The stories with questionable veracity most often centered around alleged incidents of casual sex. When the jury and press visited Grauman's Chinese Theatre to determine whether O'Hara could have performed various sexual acts while seated in the balcony, as reported by a magazine published by Hollywood Research, Inc., this was discovered to have been impossible.[25]

Dandridge had not testified during her civil lawsuit earlier in 1957, but in September she gave testimony in the criminal trial that further strengthened the prosecution's case. Alleged by Confidential to have fornicated with a white bandleader in the woods of Lake Tahoe in 1950, she testified that racial segregation had confined her to her hotel during her nightclub engagement in the Nevada resort city.[25][26] When she was not in the hotel lounge rehearsing or performing her singing, according to her testimony, she was required to stay inside her room where she slept alone.[25] Dandridge's testimony along with O'Hara's testimony proved beyond any doubt that Hollywood Research had committed libel at least twice. The judge ordered Hollywood Research to stop publishing questionable stories based on paid tips, and this curtailed invasive tabloid journalism until 1971, when Generoso Pope, Jr. moved the National Enquirer, which he owned, from New York to Lantana, Florida.[27][28]

Later career[edit]

Dandridge in The Decks Ran Red (1958)

In 1957, after a three-year absence from film acting, Dandridge agreed to appear in the film version of Island in the Sun opposite an ensemble cast, including James Mason, Harry Belafonte, Joan Fontaine, Joan Collins, and Stephen Boyd. Dandridge portrayed a local Indian shop clerk who has an interracial love affair with a white man, played by John Justin. The film was controversial for its time period, and the script was revised numerous times to accommodate the Motion Picture Production Code requirements about interracial relationships.[8] There occurred, however, an extremely intimate loving embrace between Dandridge and Justin that succeeded in not breaching the code. Despite the behind-the-scenes controversy, the film received favorable reviews and was one of the year's biggest successes.[29]

Dandridge next agreed to star opposite German actor Curd Jürgens in the French/Italian production of Tamango (1958).[8] A reluctant Dandridge had agreed to appear in the film only after learning that it focused on a nineteenth century slave revolt on a cargo ship travelling from Africa to Cuba. However, she nearly withdrew her involvement when the initial script called for her to swim in the nude and spend the majority of the film in a two-piece bathing suit made of rags. When Dandridge threatened to leave the film, the script and her wardrobe was retooled to her liking. United States Production code requirements did not apply to the Italian film production and the passionate kiss between Jürgens and Dandridge's character was permitted in the shooting of Tamango. This gave Dandridge her first, and only, on-screen kiss with a white actor. Tamango was withheld from American release until late 1959, and received mixed reviews from critics and achieved only minor success.[30]

Dandridge with Alain Delon in Belgrade in 1962 on the set of La Fabuleuse Aventure de Marco Polo, a Raoul Lévy-produced French-Italian film that was abandoned due to financial issues only to be completed several years later without either Dandridge or Delon.

In MGM's The Decks Ran Red (1958), Dandridge co-starred with James Mason and Broderick Crawford as Mahia, a cook's wife aboard a large ocean liner where numerous deaths are arranged to take place.[31] Despite being universally panned, the film generated a respectable audience due to the controversy surrounding Dandridge's wardrobe.[32]

In late 1958, Dandridge then accepted producer Samuel Goldwyn's offer to star in his forthcoming production of Porgy and Bess, which would become her first major Hollywood film in five years. Her acceptance of the role angered the black community, who felt the story's negative stereotyping of blacks was degrading. When the initial director, Rouben Mamoulian, was replaced with Otto Preminger, he informed Dandridge that her performance was not credible, and that she needed intensive coaching to handle such a role. Porgy and Bess had a long and costly production. All the sets and costumes were destroyed in a fire and had to be replaced, which amounted to a loss of almost $2 million. Continuous script rewrites and other problems prolonged the production and ultimately pushed the film over its original budget. When it was released in June 1959, it drew mixed reviews and failed financially.

In 1959, Dandridge starred in a low-budget British thriller, Malaga, in which she played a European woman with an Italian name. The film, co-starring Trevor Howard and Edmund Purdom, plotted a jewel robbery and its aftermath. Some pre-release publicity invited the belief that Dandridge received her first, and only, on-screen kiss with a white actor (Howard) in this film.[33] This was not so since she kissed her white costar in Tamango, but Dandridge and Howard, under László Benedek's direction, created some strongly understated sexual tension. The film was withheld from a theatrical release abroad until 1960, but went unreleased in the United States until 1962. Malaga was her final completed film appearance.

In 1962, Dandridge appeared as Anita in Highland Park Music Theater production of West Side Story, but she only lasted two performances due to illness.[34]

By 1963, Dandridge's popularity had dwindled and she was performing in nightclubs to pay off debts from numerous lawsuits.[35] She filed for bankruptcy and went into seclusion before appearing as a lounge act in Las Vegas in 1964. In 1965, she attempted to revive her acting career. Dandridge signed a new contract in Mexico and was scheduled to appear as the female lead in a film based on outlaw Johnny Ringo.[36]

Personal life[edit]

Dandrige was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.[37]

Having developed an interest in activism due to the racism she encountered in the industry, Dandridge became involved with the National Urban League and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[38]

Marriages and relationships[edit]

During an engagement at the Cotton Club, Dandridge met dancer and entertainer Harold Nicholas.[39] They married at a Hollywood ceremony on September 6, 1942.[40] Guest at their wedding included Oscar- winner Hattie McDaniel, jazz singer Etta Jones, and choreographer Nick Castle.[41] However, it was an unhappy marriage which deteriorated due to Nicholas' womanizing and inattentiveness.[7] By 1948, Nicholas had abandoned his family.[42] Dandridge filed for divorce in September 1950, it was finalized in October 1951.[43]

Dandridge gave birth to her only child, Harolyn Suzanne Nicholas, on September 2, 1943.[40] While in labor, Dandridge's husband left her stranded at her sister-in-law's home without the car when he went to play golf.[8] At first, Dandridge refused to go to the hospital without him. Harolyn's delayed birth required the use of forceps, which possibly resulted in brain damage that left her requiring lifelong constant care.[44][45] Dandridge blamed herself for her daughter's condition for not getting to the hospital sooner.[46][45] Harolyn was unable to speak and couldn't recognize Dandridge as her mother.[47] Dandridge was private about her daughter's condition, she didn't publicly speak about it until an appearance on The Mike Douglas Show in 1963.[47]

While filming Carmen Jones (1954), she began an affair with director Otto Preminger that lasted four years, during which Preminger advised her on career matters, demanding she accept only starring roles. Dandridge later regretted following his advice.[48] She became pregnant by him in 1955, but was forced to have an abortion by the studio.[49] She ended the affair when she realized that Preminger had no plans to leave his wife to marry her.[50] Their affair was depicted in the HBO Films biopic Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, in which Preminger was portrayed by Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer.[51]

Dandridge married Jack Denison on June 22, 1959. They divorced in 1962 amid financial setbacks and allegations of domestic violence.[46] Dandridge discovered that the people who were handling her finances had swindled her out of one hundred fifty thousand dollars and that she owed one hundred thirty-nine thousand dollars in back taxes. She was forced to sell her Hollywood home and place her daughter in a state mental institution, Camarillo State Hospital, in Camarillo, California.[47][52] Dandridge moved into a small apartment on Fountain Avenue in West Hollywood, California.[53]

Fellow actor Stuart Whitman, with whom Dandridge collaborated on the film The Decks Ran Red (1958), thought highly of her. In an interview, Whitman said he was impressed with her strength as she was going through her divorce and had to institutionalize her mentally ill daughter.[54]

Death[edit]

Tuesday afternoon, September 7, 1965, and Dorothy Kilgallen's legendary show business column states that nightclub Basin Street East would be opening "this Friday" with a Dorothy Dandridge premier engagement.

On September 8, 1965, Dandridge spoke by telephone with friend and former sister-in-law Geraldine "Geri" Branton.[55] Dandridge was scheduled to fly to New York the next day to prepare for her nightclub engagement at Basin Street East. Branton told biographers that during the long conversation, Dandridge veered from expressing hope for the future to singing Barbra Streisand's "People" in its entirety to making this cryptic remark moments before hanging up on her: "Whatever happens, I know you will understand."[11] Several hours later, Dandridge was found naked and unresponsive in her apartment by her manager, Earl Mills.[56] A Los Angeles pathology institute determined that the cause of death was an accidental overdose of the antidepressant imipramine,[2] while the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office concluded that she died of a fat embolism resulting from a right foot fracture sustained five days previously.[1]

On September 12, 1965, a private funeral service was held at the Little Chapel of the Flowers;[57] she was cremated[57] and her ashes interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.[58]

Legacy[edit]

It was not until the 1980s, with the passing of the blaxploitation era, that such stars as Cicely Tyson, Jada Pinkett Smith, Halle Berry, Janet Jackson, Whitney Houston, Kimberly Elise, Loretta Devine, Tasha Smith, and Angela Bassett began to acknowledge Dandridge's contribution to the image of African Americans in American motion pictures.[59]

In 1995 movie To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar, Wesley Snipes played Noxeema Jackson, a drag queen whose dream is to play Dorothy Dandridge in a movie about her life and work.[60]

In 1999, Halle Berry produced and starred in the HBO movie Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award.[61] When Berry won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Monster's Ball, she dedicated the "moment [to] Dorothy Dandridge, Lena Horne, Diahann Carroll."[62] Both Dandridge and Berry were from Cleveland, Ohio, and were born in the same hospital.[51]

She was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in January 1984[63] and appears as the most prominent figure in a mural on an exterior wall of Hollywood High School.[64] A statue of Dandridge designed by Catherine Hardwicke honors multiethnic leading ladies of the cinema, including Mae West, Dolores del Río, and Anna May Wong.[65]

Recording artist Janelle Monáe performs a song entitled "Dorothy Dandridge Eyes" on her 2013 album The Electric Lady, with Esperanza Spalding.[66] In the 1969 movie The Lost Man, a character Dorothy Starr (played by Beverly Todd) states that she named herself after Dandridge.[67]

In the February 2016 episode of Black-ish, "Sink or Swim," Beyoncé is referred to as the Dorothy Dandridge of her time, citing the star power Dandridge wielded in her day.[68][69]

In 2020, Laura Harrier portrayed Camille Washington in the Netflix miniseries Hollywood, an up-and-coming actress during the Hollywood Golden Age in the post-World War II era. The character was largely inspired by and based on Dandridge.[70][71]

Discography[edit]

Dandridge first gained fame as a solo artist from her performances in nightclubs, usually accompanied by Phil Moore on piano. Although she was known for her renditions of songs such as "Blow Out the Candle", "You Do Something to Me", and "Talk Sweet Talk To Me", she recorded very little on vinyl. It is unknown whether her lack of recording was due to personal choice or lack of opportunity.

As part of the Dandridge Sisters singing group[edit]

RecordedSong titleLabelReleaseCatalogue No.IssuedBand
1939"F.D.R. Jones" / "The Lady's In Love With You"Parlophone78 rpm#F15181939
"Undecided" / "If I Were Sure Of You"Parlophone78 rpm#F15411939
1940"That's Your Red Wagon" / "You Ain't Nowhere:Columbia78 rpm#28006/#280071940Jimmie Lunceford
"Minnie The Moocher Is Dead" / "Ain't Going To Go To Study War No More"Columbia78 rpm#26937A/#269381940Jimmie Lunceford

As a solo artist[edit]

RecordedSong titleLabelReleaseCatalogue No.Issued
1944Watch'a Say (duet with Louis Armstrong from the film Pillow to Post)Decca78 rpm#L-35021944
1951"Blow Out The Candle" / "I Can't See It Your Way"Columbia78 rpmDB 29231951
1953"Taking a Chance on Love"MGM Records78 rpm?1953

In 1958, she recorded a full-length album for Verve Records featuring Oscar Peterson with Herb Ellis, Ray Brown, and Alvin Stoller (Catalogue #314 547-514 2) that remained unreleased in the vaults until a CD release in 1999. This CD also included four tracks from 1961 (with an unknown orchestra) that included one 45 rpm record single and another aborted single:

RecordedSong titleLabelReleaseCatalogue No.Issued
1958"It's Easy To Remember"VerveUnreleased21942-31999 (CD only)
"What Is There To Say"Unreleased21943-61999 (CD only)
"That Old Feeling"Unreleased21944-41999 (CD only)
"The Touch Of Your Lips"Unreleased21945-121999 (CD only)
"When Your Lover Has Gone"Unreleased21946-11999 (CD only)
"The Nearness of You"Unreleased21947-71999 (CD only)
"I'm Glad There Is You"Unreleased21948-101999 (CD only)
"I've Grown Accustomed To His Face"Unreleased21949-41999 (CD only)
"Body and Soul"Unreleased21950-21999 (CD only)
"How Long Has This Been Going On?"Unreleased21951-61999 (CD only)
"I've Got a Crush on You"Unreleased21952-31999 (CD only)
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was"Unreleased21953-31999 (CD only)
1961"Somebody"45 rpm single V1023123459-21961
"Stay with It"45 rpm single V1023123460-41961
"It's A Beautiful Evening"Unissued single23461-51961 (CD only)
"Smooth Operator"Unissued single23462-21961 (CD only)

The tracks "It's a Beautiful Evening" and "Smooth Operator" were aborted for release as a single and remained in the Verve vaults until the Smooth Operator release in 1999. These are the only known songs Dandridge recorded on vinyl. Several songs she sang, including her version of "Cow-Cow Boogie" were recorded on soundies and are not included on this list.

Filmography[edit]

As an actress[edit]

YearFilm titleRoleNotes
1935Teacher's BeauDorothy
1936The Big Broadcast of 1936Member of the Dandridge Sisters
1937Easy to TakeMember of the Dandridge SistersUncredited
1937It Can't Last ForeverDandridge Sisters ActUncredited
1937A Day at the RacesSinger/dancer in ensembleUncredited
1938Going PlacesMember of the Dandridge SistersUncredited
1938Snow Gets in Your EyesOne of the Dandridge Sisters
1940IreneThe Dandridge SistersUncredited
1940Four Shall DieHelen FieldingAlternative title: Condemned Men
1941Bahama PassageThalia
1941SundownKipsang's Bride
1941Sun Valley SerenadeSpecialty ActChattanooga Choo Choo [with Nicholas Brothers]
1941Lady from LouisianaFeliceAlternative title: Lady from New Orleans
1942Lucky JordanHollyhock School MaidUncredited
1942Night in New OrleansSal, Shadrach's GirlUncredited
1942The Night Before the DivorceMaidUncredited
1942Ride 'Em CowboyDancerUncredited
1942Drums of the CongoPrincess Malimi
1942Orchestra WivesSinger/Dancer
1943Hit Parade of 1943Count Basie Band SingerAlternative title: Change of Heart
1943Happy Go LuckyShowgirlUncredited
1944Since You Went AwayBlack Officer's Wife in Train StationUncredited
1944Atlantic CitySingerAlternative title: Atlantic City Honeymoon
Uncredited
1945Pillow to PostHerself-VocalistUncredited
1947Ebony ParadeHerself-VocalistUncredited
1951Tarzan's PerilMelmendi, Queen of the Ashuba
1951The Harlem GlobetrottersAnn Carpenter
1953Bright RoadJane Richards
1953Remains to Be SeenHerself- Night Club VocalistShe sings Taking a Chance on Love
1954Carmen JonesCarmen JonesNominated – Academy Award for Best Actress
Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
1957Island in the SunMargot Seaton
1958TamangoAiché, Reiker's mistress
1958The Decks Ran RedMahiaAlternative titles: Infamy
La Rivolta dell'esperanza (foreign releases)
1959Porgy and BessBessNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
1960MalagaGiannaAlternative tiles: Moment of Danger
1961The Murder MenNorma ShermanTelevision film
1962Cain's HundredNorma ShermanEpisode: "Blues for a Junkman"

As herself[edit]

Stage work[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^ Dandridge opened at the Mocambo on May 7, 1951. She gave the club its biggest opening in its history.[16]
Citations
  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Robinson, Louie (March 1966). "Dorothy Dandridge Hollywood's Tragic Enigma". Ebony. p. 71. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Gorney, Cynthia (February 9, 1988). "The Fragile Flame of Dorothy Dandridge; Remembering the Shattered Life Of a Beautiful 1950s Movie Star". Washington Post. p. E2.
  3. ^ Potter, Joan (2002). African American Firsts: Famous Little-Known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America. Kensington Books. p. 81. ISBN 0-7582-0243-1.
  4. ^ McCann, Bob (2010). Encyclopedia of black actresses in film and television. McFarland & Company. pp. 87–90. ISBN 978-0-7864-5804-2. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  5. ^ "Ohio Deaths 1908–1932, 1938–1944, and 1958–2002 [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  6. ^ "Social Security Death Index [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  7. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Dorothy Dandridge's Story A Hollywood Tragedy". Chicago Tribune. September 1, 1997.
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Maslin, Janet (June 19, 1997). "Hollywood's Tryst With Dorothy Dandridge Inspires Real Love at Last". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  9. ^ Taylor, Quintard; Moore, Wilson; Ann, Shirley (2003). African American Women Confront the West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 239. ISBN 0-8061-3524-7.
  10. ^ "Dorothy Dandridge Stars in Paramount Picture and Ellington-Anderson Stage Show "Jump For Joy"". Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh Courier. August 9, 1941. p. 20. Retrieved April 21, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b Mills 1999, p. 50
  12. ^ Maltin, Leonard; Bann, Richard W. (1993). The Little Rascals: The Life and Times of Our Gang. Crown. p. 279. ISBN 0-517-58325-9.
  13. ^ Carney Smith, Jessie; Palmisano, Joseph M. (2000). Reference Library of Black America. African American Publications, Proteus Enterprises. p. 858.
  14. ^ Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896 to the present : from the age of segregation to the twenty-first century. Finkelman, Paul, 1949-. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-539768-0. OCLC 416601965.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b "Dorothy Dandridge: A Bio of the 1950s Screen Siren". Yahoo! Voices. May 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  16. ^ "Adoringly Dorothy Dandridge". Tumblr.
  17. ^ "Dorothy Dandridge". Women in History, Ohio.
  18. ^ "Bright Road". tcm.com. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  19. ^ "Easy Street" – via YouTube, a 1941 soundie
  20. ^ Green, Stanley; Schmidt, Elaine (2000). Hollywood Musicals: Year by Year. Hal Leonard. p. 189. ISBN 0-634-00765-3.
  21. ^ McClary, Susan (1992). Georges Bizet: Carmen. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-521-39897-5. On November 1, 1954, Dorothy Dandridge became the first black woman featured on the cover of Life
  22. ^ "Dandridge Wins Raves In Waldorf Debut". Jet: 59. April 28, 1955.
  23. ^ Gavin, James (June 23, 2009). Stormy Weather: The Life of Lena Horne. Simon and Schuster. pp. 259. ISBN 978-1-4391-6425-9.
  24. ^ Henry E. Scott (Pantheon, 1st reprint edition, January 19, 2010), Shocking True Story: The Rise and Fall of Confidential, "America's Most Scandalous Scandal Magazine, p. 167. After cashing Harrison's check, Dandridge testified for the prosecution anyway.
  25. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Wilson, Theo (1998). Headline Justice: Inside the Courtroom — the Country's Most Controversial Trials. Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 53–68. ISBN 978-1-56025-193-4.
  26. ^ The Confidential Magazine Trial: An Account by Douglas O. Linder, 2010
  27. ^ "Taming the Tabloids, by Darcie Lunsford, American Journalism Review edition of September 2000". Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved February 5,2013.
  28. ^ Bernstein, Samuel (2006). Mr. Confidential: The Man, the Magazine & the Movieland Massacre. Walford Press. pp. 306–8. ISBN 0-9787671-2-8.
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  30. ^ Nason, Richard (September 17, 1959). "'Tamango' From France". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  31. ^ Crowther, Bosley (October 11, 1958). "Loew's State Offers 'The Decks Ran Red'; Film About Mutiny on a Freighter Arrives Broderick Crawford, James Mason in Cast". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  32. ^ Ph.D, Matthew Whitaker (2011). Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-313-37643-6.
  33. ^ "Dandridge Makes Toughest Movie of Her Career". JET. Vol. 16 no. 13. Johnsons Publishing Company. July 23, 1959. pp. 60–61. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  34. ^ "Ailing Dot Bows Out After Chicago Debut". Jet: 62. September 6, 1962.
  35. ^ "Why Dorothy Dandridge Is Broke: Star's Beauty And Charm Hide Numerous Problems". Jet: 58–62. April 18, 1963.
  36. ^ "Success Was Up And Down For Beautiful Dorothy Dandridge". Jet: 59–63. September 23, 1965.
  37. ^ Motion Picture and Television Magazine, November 1952, page 33, Ideal Publishers
  38. ^ Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896 to the present : from the age of segregation to the twenty-first century. Finkelman, Paul, 1949-. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-539768-0. OCLC 416601965.
  39. ^ Robinson, Louie (March 1966). "Dorothy Dandridge Hollywood's Tragic Enigma". Ebony: 71–72, 74–76, 80–82.
  40. ^ Jump up to:a b Bernardi, Daniel; Green, Michael (July 7, 2017). Race in American Film: Voices and Visions that Shaped a Nation [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-313-39840-7.
  41. ^ Dreher, Kwakiutl L. (January 10, 2008). Dancing on the White Page: Black Women Entertainers Writing Autobiography. SUNY Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7914-7284-2.
  42. ^ Holmes, Emory, II (April 26, 1998). "The Flight Crew". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved November 27, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  43. ^ Regester, Charlene (2010). African American Actresses: The Struggle for Visibility, 1900–1960. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-253-22192-6.
  44. ^ Mills 1999, p. 20
  45. ^ Jump up to:a b Leavy, Walter (December 1993). "The Mystery and Real-Life Tragedy of Dorothy Dandridge". Ebony. Vol. XLIX no. 2. p. 38.
  46. ^ Jump up to:a b Rogers, Patrick (July 28, 1997). "Overdue Notice". PEOPLE.com.
  47. ^ Jump up to:a b c L. Sanders, Charles (August 22, 1963). "Tragic Story Of Dorothy Dandridge's Retarded Daughter: Daughter Never Recognized Actress As Mother". Jet: 22–23.
  48. ^ "Dorothy Dandridge Profile". tcm.com.
  49. ^ Bianco, Marcie. "Classic Hollywood's Secret: Studios Wanted Their Stars to Have Abortions". HWD. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  50. ^ "Dorothy Surrender". Entertainment Weekly. September 3, 1999. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  51. ^ Jump up to:a b Samuels, Allison (August 22, 1999). "A Legend Comes to Life". Newsweek.
  52. ^ Lyman, Darryl (1999). Great African-American women, 1944–2010. Middle Village, NY: J. David. ISBN 0-8246-0412-1. OCLC 40403686.
  53. ^ Bogle, Donald (August 1997). "The Last Days of Dorothy Dandridge". Ebony: 56.
  54. ^ Petkovich, Anthony (2013). "Interview with Stuart Whitman". Shock Cinema. 44: 12 – via Archive.
  55. ^ LoBianco, Lorraine. "Dorothy Dandridge Profile". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  56. ^ Mills 1999, p. 195
  57. ^ Jump up to:a b Mills 1999, p. 196
  58. ^ Brooks, Patricia; Brooks, Jonathan (2006). Laid to Rest in California. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7627-4101-4. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  59. ^ "Cicely Tyson reflects on 'Life of Dorothy Dandridge'". Charlie Rose. August 15, 1997.
  60. ^ Pullen, Christopher (2012). LGBT Transnational Identity and the Media. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-230-37331-0.
  61. ^ Avins, Mimi (August 21, 1999). "The Dandridge Drama". Los Angeles Times.
  62. ^ "Halle Berry's Acceptance Speech." blackfilm.com. March 26, 2002.
  63. ^ "Actress Dorothy Dandridge Honored Posthumously in Hollywood Walk of Fame". Jet Magazine. February 6, 1984. pp. 55, 63.
  64. ^ "Creative Feature: #BlackMusicMonth – Dorothy Dandridge". June 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  65. ^ "Dorothy Dandridge statue in Hollywood". Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  66. ^ Carroll, Jim (August 30, 2013). "Janelle Monae makes an electric return". The Irish Times.
  67. ^ Canby, Vincent (June 26, 1969). "'The Lost Man' Opens Here:Poitier in Lead Role as a Black Militant Four Other Films Also Start Local Runs". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  68. ^ Sastry, Keertana (February 12, 2016). "Black-ish recap: Sink or Swim". Entertainment Weekly.
  69. ^ Gwinn, Dylan (February 11, 2016). "ABC's 'Blackish' Claims African-Americans Can't Swim Because White People Took Pools Away". NewsBusters.org.
  70. ^ Jackson, Angelique; Jackson, Angelique (May 4, 2020). "Laura Harrier on Studying Dorothy Dandridge, Halle Berry to Play a Star on the Rise in Netflix's 'Hollywood'". Variety. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  71. ^ Frederick, Candice (May 7, 2020). "Laura Harrier on Rewriting Hollywood in Netflix's 'Hollywood'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
Works cited

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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